Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2015
Randomized Trial of Reduced-Nicotine Standards for Cigarettes.
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01681875 (Project 1, Study 1), which is not on this map. Cited by 288 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Project 1, Study 1: Investigating the Impact of Nicotine Using Spectrum Cigarettes
Who cites it
288 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 403 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Compensatory Smoking With Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2026Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to induce attempts to quit tobacco among adults not ready to quit.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- A Bayesian hierarchical model for individual participant data meta-analysis of demand curves.Statistics in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Regulatory Approaches and Implementation of Minimally Addictive Combusted Products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes: Literature Review and Gap Analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Pooled it
- Titration of nicotine intake in smokers switching to reduced nicotine content cigarettes with access to alternative nicotine systems: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Trial
- Sustained effects of reduced nicotine cigarettes and co-use of non-combusted alternative nicotine delivery systems: A one-month follow-up to a randomized clinical trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- Independent and combined effects of very low nicotine cigarette messages and e-cigarette messages: a randomised clinical trial.Tobacco control · 2025Trial
- Pilot randomized clinical trial examining use of very low nicotine content cigarettes during pregnancy in the United States.Preventive medicine · 2025Trial
- E-cigarette use frequency mediates effects in three randomized controlled trials of reduced nicotine cigarettes with tobacco vs preferred flavor e-cigarettes in high-risk populations in the U.S.Preventive medicine · 2025Trial
- Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial of very low nicotine cigarettes: Outcomes across social and demographic groups.Preventive medicine · 2025Trial
- The Impact of Nicotine Reduction on Cigarette Reinforcement Value Within a Marketplace Containing Alternative Nicotine Delivery Products: A Secondary Analysis of a Multi-Site Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Trial
228 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 12 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Food and Drug Administration can set standards that reduce the nicotine content of cigarettes.
methodsWe conducted a double-blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial between June 2013 and July 2014 at 10 sites. Eligibility criteria included an age of 18 years or older, smoking of five or more cigarettes per day, and no current interest in quitting smoking. Participants were randomly assigned to smoke for 6 weeks either their usual brand of cigarettes or one of six types of investigational cigarettes, provided free. The investigational cigarettes had nicotine content ranging from 15.8 mg per gram of tobacco (typical of commercial brands) to 0.4 mg per gram. The primary outcome was the number of cigarettes smoked per day during week 6.
resultsA total of 840 participants underwent randomization, and 780 completed the 6-week study. During week 6, the average number of cigarettes smoked per day was lower for participants randomly assigned to cigarettes containing 2.4, 1.3, or 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco (16.5, 16.3, and 14.9 cigarettes, respectively) than for participants randomly assigned to their usual brand or to cigarettes containing 15.8 mg per gram (22.2 and 21.3 cigarettes, respectively; P<0.001). Participants assigned to cigarettes with 5.2 mg per gram smoked an average of 20.8 cigarettes per day, which did not differ significantly from the average number among those who smoked control cigarettes. Cigarettes with lower nicotine content, as compared with control cigarettes, reduced exposure to and dependence on nicotine, as well as craving during abstinence from smoking, without significantly increasing the expired carbon monoxide level or total puff volume, suggesting minimal compensation. Adverse events were generally mild and similar among groups.
conclusionsIn this 6-week study, reduced-nicotine cigarettes versus standard-nicotine cigarettes reduced nicotine exposure and dependence and the number of cigarettes smoked. (Funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01681875.).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.