ArticlePloS one2015
Nasal Administration of Cholera Toxin as a Mucosal Adjuvant Damages the Olfactory System in Mice.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Dual-adjuvant mucosal vaccine leveraging mast cell and TLR9 agonists for protection against poxvirus infection.RSC pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Beyond Antibiotics: Alternative Strategies TargetingExpert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Cationic Nanogel Coated Norovirus VLP Nasal Vaccine Induces Neutralizing Mucosal IgA and Serum IgG Antibodies.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Modular Development of aNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Circular Permutation of theACS omega · 2026Article
- Optimizing COVID-19 vaccination strategies for high-risk populations: potential and challenges of combining heterologous boosting with respiratory mucosal delivery.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Article
- Nasal vaccines for respiratory infections.Nature · 2025Review
- Advances in molecular adjuvants for nucleic acid vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Intranasal Immunization of PneumococcalVaccines · 2024Review
- Recent advances in enterotoxin vaccine adjuvants.Current opinion in immunology · 2023Review
- Two MP2CL5 Antigen Vaccines from Naegleria fowleri Stimulate the Immune Response against Meningitis in the BALB/c Model.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- Sublingual Boosting with a Novel Mucoadhesive Thermogelling Hydrogel Following Parenteral CAF01 Priming as a Strategy Against Chlamydia trachomatis.Advanced healthcare materials · 2022Article
- Conserved metabolic enzymes as vaccine antigens for giardiasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Intranasal Vaccination with Outer-Membrane Protein ofImmune network · 2021Article
- Evaluation of Intranasal Vaccine Delivery Using Anatomical Replicas of Infant Nasal Airways.Pharmaceutical research · 2021Article
- LTA1 is a safe, intranasal enterotoxin-based adjuvant that improves vaccine protection against influenza in young, old and B-cell-depleted (μMT) mice.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Identification of Conserved Candidate Vaccine Antigens in the Surface Proteome of Giardia lamblia.Infection and immunity · 2019Article
- Lipid-Based Particles: Versatile Delivery Systems for Mucosal Vaccination against Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) induces severe diarrhea in humans but acts as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses to vaccines when administered orally. Nasally administered CT also acts as an adjuvant, but CT and CT derivatives, including the B subunit of CT (CTB), are taken up from the olfactory epithelium and transported to the olfactory bulbs and therefore may be toxic to the central nervous system. To assess the toxicity, we investigated whether nasally administered CT or CT derivatives impair the olfactory system. In mice, nasal administration of CT, but not CTB or a non-toxic CT derivative, reduced the expression of olfactory marker protein (OMP) in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulbs and impaired odor responses, as determined with behavioral tests and optical imaging. Thus, nasally administered CT, like orally administered CT, is toxic and damages the olfactory system in mice. However, CTB and a non-toxic CT derivative, do not damage the olfactory system. The optical imaging we used here will be useful for assessing the safety of nasal vaccines and adjuvants during their development for human use and CT can be used as a positive control in this test.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.