ArticlePediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)2016
Gender and obesity modify the impact of salt intake on blood pressure in children.
Article in Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Sodium Intake and Health Indicators: A Systematic Review of Published Literature between January 2015 and December 2019.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- The science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (December 2015-March 2016).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2017Pooled it
- Obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents.Clinical hypertension · 2024Review
- Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with oral health: First results from the Kurdish cohort study.Health science reports · 2023Article
- The damaging duo: Obesity and excess dietary salt contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2023Review
- Intake of added sugar, fruits, vegetables, and legumes of Portuguese preschool children: Baseline data from SmartFeeding4Kids randomized controlled trial participants.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2022Review
- Modeling the health impact of legislation to limit the salt content of bread in Portugal: A macro simulation study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Review
- Review
- Salt intake and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: a population-based study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2021Article
- Does underweight amplify the relationship between short-term particulate matter exposure and blood pressure in children and adolescents: a large cross-sectional study in a metropolis of China.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- Salt Reduction Strategies in Portuguese School Meals, from Pre-School to Secondary Education-The Eat Mediterranean Program.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Article
- The combination of obesity and high salt intake are associated with blood pressure elevation among healthy Japanese adolescents.Journal of human hypertension · 2020Article
- The association of dietary patterns and adherence to WHO healthy diet with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Longer duration of obesity is associated with a reduction in urinary angiotensinogen in prepubertal children.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2017Article
- Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study.Nutrients · 2017Article
- Article
- Obesity masks the relationship between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in people of African ancestry: the impact of obesity on the relationship between sodium and blood pressure.Cardiovascular journal of AfricaArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMost modifiable risk factors for high blood pressure (BP), such as obesity and salt intake, are imprinted in childhood and persist into adulthood. The aim of our study was to evaluate the intake of salt in children and to assess its impact on BP taking into account gender and nutritional status.
methodsA total of 298 children aged 8-9 years were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements and 24-h ambulatory monitoring were performed, and salt intake was determined by 24-h urinary sodium excretion.
resultsThe average estimated salt intake among the entire cohort of children enrolled in the study was 6.5 ± 2.2 g/day, and it was significantly higher in boys than in girls (6.8 ± 2.4 vs. 6.1 ± 1.9 g/day, respectively; p = 0.018) and in overweight/obese children than in normal weight children (6.8 ± 2.4 vs. 6.1 ± 2.0 g/day, respectively; p = 0.006). Salt intake exceeded the upper limit of the US Dietary Reference Intake in 72% of children. Daytime systolic BP increased by 1.00 mmHg (95% confidence interval 0.40-1.59) per gram of daily salt intake in overweight/obese boys, but not in normal weight boys or in girls.
conclusionsOur results demonstrate an extremely high salt intake among 8- to 9-year-old Portuguese children. Higher salt intake was associated with higher systolic BP in boys, specifically in those who were overweight/obese. Longitudinal studies are needed to further evaluate the causal relationship between obesity and high BP and the mechanism by which salt intake modulates this relationship. Nonetheless, based on our results, we urge that dietary salt reduction interventions, along with measures to fight the global epidemic of obesity, be implemented as early in life as possible.
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