ArticlePsychopharmacology2016
Antidepressants normalize elevated Toll-like receptor profile in major depressive disorder.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Intervention for Workplace Mental Health: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Trial
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- The Converging Effects of Different Categories of Antidepressants on the Brain: A Systematic Meta-Analysis of Public Transcriptional Profiling Data from the Hippocampus and Cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neurobiological mechanisms and brain network dysfunction in major depressive disorder: an integrative review.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2026Review
- TLR4 mediates post-traumatic depression via kynurenine pathway activation in a murine traumatic brain injury model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- TLR9/MyD88/NF-κB signaling mediates mental stress-induced exacerbation of psoriasis through immune dysregulation in a mouse model.PloS one · 2026Article
- Acute Sleep Deprivation and the Autoimmune TLR-BANK1 Pathway: Interplay with Gender and Emotional State.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Antidepressants Target the ST3GAL5-GM3 Lipid Pathway to Suppress Microglial Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Mechanisms Underlying Treatment-Resistant Depression: Exploring Sex-Based Biological Differences.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Review
- Mechanisms of aerobic exercise effects on the gut microbiota and its metabolites in anxiety disorders.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Uric Acid: A Biomarker and Pathogenic Factor of Affective Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases.Current pharmaceutical design · 2025Review
- Immune transcriptomic profile in adult female pigs: dominance status has more influence than environmental enrichment.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Gene expression changes in Brodmann's Area 46 differentiate epidermal growth factor and immune system interactions in schizophrenia and mood disorders.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Chronic Stress-Induced Neuroinflammation: Relevance of Rodent Models to Human Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Abelson Helper Integration Site 1 haplotypes and peripheral blood expression associates with lithium response and immunomodulation in bipolar patients.Psychopharmacology · 2024Article
- The Emerging Role of Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Signals in Psychiatric Disorders and Acquired Epilepsy.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Possible application ofMicrobiome research reports · 2024Review
- Toll-like receptor 4 plays a vital role in irritable bowel syndrome: a scoping review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Sex differences in depression: An immunological perspective.Brain research bulletin · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
rationaleAbnormalities in Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in depression have been inferred in part from observed increases in TLR4 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and postmortem brains of depressed and suicidal patients. Our previous study found differences in the TLR expression in PBMCs between healthy controls and patients with major depressive disorder. Normalization of increased TLR4 in PBMCs by cognitive behavior psychotherapy has been reported. However, the effects of antidepressants remain unknown.
objectivesChanges in TLR1-9 expression levels of PBMCs were examined in 56 patients with MDD. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) and mRNA expression levels of TLRs were assessed in parallel with a housekeeping gene using qRT-PCR before and after treatment with antidepressants.
resultsTLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 were expressed at elevated levels in patients with MDD and were significantly decreased by treatment with antidepressants for 4 weeks. Antidepressant treatment completely normalized TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 levels, whereas TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 were decreased to below normal levels. A subgroup analysis found that only TLR3 was significantly higher at baseline in the nonremission group. In addition, a multiple linear regression analysis revealed that only low TLR3 before treatment predicted improvement in HAMD-17 scores.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that antidepressant treatment exerts anti-inflammatory effects in patients with MDD and identify TLR profiles as a predictor of response to antidepressant therapy. Further studies investigating the effects of manipulating individual TLRs on depression are needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanism.
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