SynthesisContraception2016
Progestogen-only contraceptive use among breastfeeding women: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Contraception, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03978598 (Effect of Immediate Versus Standard Postpartum Insertion of the Contraceptive Implant on Breastfeeding Outcomes), which is not on this map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Immediate Versus Standard Postpartum Insertion of the Contraceptive Implant on Breastfeeding Outcomes
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 138 citations in OpenAlex.
- Progestogen-only contraception use during breastfeeding: an updated systematic review.BMJ sexual & reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- The safety of intrauterine devices in breastfeeding women: a systematic review.Contraception · 2016Pooled it
- Breastfeeding after immediate vs delayed postpartum contraceptive implant placement: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Trial
- Potential effect of immediate postpartum use of injectable contraception on lactogenesis.Contraception · 2025Trial
- Effect of Postpartum Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Lactation in Mothers of Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2021Trial
- The effect of immediate postpartum levonorgestrel contraceptive implant use on breastfeeding and infant growth: a randomized controlled trial.Contraception · 2019Trial
- Immediate postpartum levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion and breast-feeding outcomes: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2017Trial
- Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraceptives for postpartum contraception in lactating individuals.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Post-pregnancy contraception.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Review
- Contraceptive uptake and characteristics in the immediate postpartum period among women attending Tygerberg Academic Hospital.PloS one · 2026Article
- A mixed-methods cross-sectional study on early contraceptive implant removal and its associated factors among women implanted attending family planning settings in Bangladesh.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2025Article
- Sexual and reproductive health clinical consultations: breastfeeding and progestogen-only contraception.BMJ sexual & reproductive health · 2025Article
- U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2024.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2024Article
- Safety of Progestogen Hormonal Contraceptive Methods during Lactation: An Overview.Clinics and practice · 2024Review
- Causes of Low Milk Supply: The Roles of Estrogens, Progesterone, and Related External Factors.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Review
- Interpregnancy Care and Access to Long-Acting Reversible Contraception.North Carolina medical journal · 2023Article
- Breastfeeding and contraception counseling: a qualitative study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for sarcoidosis: a nested case-control study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2022Article
- Evaluating Shared Decision-Making in Postpartum Contraceptive Counseling Using Objective Structured Clinical Examinations.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPostpartum women need effective contraception. Concerns have been raised that use of progestogen-only contraceptives (POCs) may affect breastfeeding performance and infant health outcomes.
objectivesWe investigated the clinical outcomes of breastfeeding duration, initiation of supplemental feeding and weaning, as well as infant outcomes including infant growth, health and development among breastfeeding women using POCs compared with breastfeeding women not using POCs. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the PubMed database for all articles published from database inception through December 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included primary research studies of breastfeeding women of any age or parity who received POCs, including progestogen-only pills, injectables, implants or hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs). The main outcomes were breastfeeding performance (as measured by initiation, continuation, frequency and exclusivity of breastfeeding) and infant health (as measured by growth, development or adverse health effects).
resultsForty-nine articles reporting on 47 different studies were identified that investigated the use of POCs in breastfeeding women and reported clinically relevant outcomes of infant growth, health or breastfeeding performance. Studies ranged from poor to fair methodological quality and generally failed to show negative effects of the use of POCs on breastfeeding outcomes or on infant growth or development. One randomized controlled trial (RCT) raises concerns that immediate insertion of the levonorgestrel IUD postpartum may be associated with poorer breastfeeding performance when compared with delayed insertion, although two other RCTs evaluating early etonogestrel implants compared with delayed initiation of implants or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate failed to find such an association.
conclusionThe preponderance of evidence fails to demonstrate adverse breastfeeding outcomes or negative health outcomes in infants such as restricted growth, health problems or impaired development. Evidence newly added to this review was largely consistent with previous evidence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.