ArticlePloS one2015
Trypsin, Tryptase, and Thrombin Polarize Macrophages towards a Pro-Fibrotic M2a Phenotype.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mast cell-driven remodeling of pulmonary immune and stromal landscapes in COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The miR-125a-5p/IRF4 Axis Mediates Sodium Arsenite-Induced M2 Macrophage Polarization.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Inhibition of Talin2 dedifferentiates myofibroblasts and reverses lung and kidney fibrosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Macrophage energy metabolism in cardiometabolic disease.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Low-Dose Trypsin Accelerates Wound HealingACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- Correction: Trypsin, Tryptase, and Thrombin Polarize Macrophages towards a Pro-Fibrotic M2a Phenotype.PloS one · 2024Article
- Subconjunctival trypsin injection for anterior chamber fibrin exudates in eyes with globe rupture following vitrectomy.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Hemosiderin-Laden Macrophages in Canine Mammary Carcinomas.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- M2 macrophage polarization in systemic sclerosis fibrosis: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic effects.Heliyon · 2023Review
- Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages as a unique approach to target tumor immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- CD300a Regulates Mouse Macrophage Functionality in Allergic Inflammation.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2023Article
- Protease-activated receptors in health and disease.Physiological reviews · 2023Review
- Article
- Proteomic characterization of four subtypes of M2 macrophages derived from human THP-1 cells.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2022Article
- Interplay of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, normal colonic mucosa, cancer-associated fibroblasts, clinicopathological data and the immunoregulatory molecules of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2021Article
- Japanese cedar pollen upregulates the effector functions of eosinophils.Asia Pacific allergy · 2021Article
- Thromboinflammation as bioactivity assessment of HJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2019Article
- The Development of Serum Amyloid P as a Possible Therapeutic.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- PDGFR-β-Positive Perivascular Adventitial Cells Expressing Nestin Contribute to Fibrotic Scar Formation in the Striatum of 3-NP Intoxicated Rats.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2018Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
For both wound healing and the formation of a fibrotic lesion, circulating monocytes enter the tissue and differentiate into fibroblast-like cells called fibrocytes and pro-fibrotic M2a macrophages, which together with fibroblasts form scar tissue. Monocytes can also differentiate into classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages. The proteases thrombin, which is activated during blood clotting, and tryptase, which is released by activated mast cells, potentiate fibroblast proliferation and fibrocyte differentiation, but their effect on macrophages is unknown. Here we report that thrombin, tryptase, and the protease trypsin bias human macrophage differentiation towards a pro-fibrotic M2a phenotype expressing high levels of galectin-3 from unpolarized monocytes, or from M1 and M2 macrophages, and that these effects appear to operate through protease-activated receptors. These results suggest that proteases can initiate scar tissue formation by affecting fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and macrophages.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.