ReviewToxins2015
Botulinum Toxin Type a as a Therapeutic Agent against Headache and Related Disorders.
Review in Toxins, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Botulinum Toxin Injections in Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety Outcomes.Pain research & management · 2026Pooled it
- An indirect comparison meta-analysis of noninvasive intravesical instillation and intravesical injection of botulinum toxin-A in bladder disorders.International urology and nephrology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy of escitalopram combined with botulinum toxin A in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid headache.Psychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Monocentric Prospective Study into the Sustained Effect of Incobotulinumtoxin A (XEOMINToxins · 2018Trial
- Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin Type A for Trichodynia Associated with Hair Loss Disorders: A Retrospective Study.Dermatology and therapy · 2026Article
- Role of Microbial Toxins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights and Future Perspectives.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin in the Management of Temporomandibular Symptoms Associated with Sleep Bruxism: A Systematic Review.Dentistry journal · 2024Review
- XeominToxins · 2023Article
- How Does Botulinum Toxin Inhibit Itch?Toxins · 2022Review
- Bacterial AB toxins and host-microbe interactions.Advances in microbial physiology · 2022Review
- Localization of the Center of the Intramuscular Nerve Dense Region of the Suboccipital Muscles: An Anatomical Study.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy.Toxins · 2021Review
- Botulinum toxin for chronic parotid sialadenitis: A case series and systematic review.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2021Article
- Effects of botulinum toxin A on endometriosis‑associated pain and its related mechanism.Molecular medicine reports · 2020Article
- Botulinum Toxin and Neuronal Regeneration after Traumatic Injury of Central and Peripheral Nervous System.Toxins · 2020Review
- The Role of Onabotulinum Toxin Type A in the Management of Chronic Non-migraine Headaches.Frontiers in neurology · 2019Article
- Botulinum Toxin Type A for refractory trigeminal neuralgia in older patients: a better therapeutic effect.Journal of pain research · 2019Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is a toxin produced by the naturally-occurring Clostridium botulinum that causes botulism. The potential of BoNT/A as a useful medical intervention was discovered by scientists developing a vaccine to protect against botulism. They found that, when injected into a muscle, BoNT/A causes a flaccid paralysis. Following this discovery, BoNT/A has been used for many years in the treatment of conditions of pathological muscle hyperactivity, like dystonias and spasticities. In parallel, the toxin has become a "glamour" drug due to its power to ward off facial wrinkles, particularly frontal, due to the activity of the mimic muscles. After the discovery that the drug also appeared to have a preventive effect on headache, scientists spent many efforts to study the potentially-therapeutic action of BoNT/A against pain. BoNT/A is effective at reducing pain in a number of disease states, including cervical dystonia, neuropathic pain, lower back pain, spasticity, myofascial pain and bladder pain. In 2010, regulatory approval for the treatment of chronic migraine with BoNT/A was given, notwithstanding the fact that the mechanism of action is still not completely elucidated. In the present review, we summarize experimental evidence that may help to clarify the mechanisms of action of BoNT/A in relation to the alleviation of headache pain, with particular emphasis on preclinical studies, both in animals and humans. Moreover, we summarize the latest clinical trials that show evidence on headache conditions that may obtain benefits from therapy with BoNT/A.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.