Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26403987›Full record

ReviewIntegrative psychological & behavioral science2016

What are Higher Psychological Functions?

Aaro Toomela

Abstract readHistorical ArticleReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Integrative psychological & behavioral science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Quo Vadis, Cultural Psychology? Time to Become Psychology. Again.Integrative psychological & behavioral science · 2025
    Article
  2. Attention as a Higher Psychic Function.Integrative psychological & behavioral science · 2025
    Review
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  15. Building Blocks of Psychology: on Remaking the Unkept Promises of Early Schools.Integrative psychological & behavioral science · 2018
    Review
  16. Psychology as a Science of Subject and Comportment, beyond the Mind and Behavior.Integrative psychological & behavioral science · 2018
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Aaro ToomelaSchool of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva mnt. 29, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia. aaro.toomela@ut.ee.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The concept of Higher Psychological Functions (HPFs) may seem to be well know in psychology today. Yet closer analysis reveals that HPFs are either not defined at all or if defined, then by a set of characteristics not justified theoretically. It is not possible to determine whether HPFs exist or not, unless they are defined. Most commonly the idea of HPFs is related to Vygotsky's theory. According to him, HPFs are: (1) psychological systems, (2) developing from natural processes, (3) mediated by symbols, (4) forms of psychological cooperation, which are (5) internalized in the course of development, (6) products of historical development, (7) conscious and (8) voluntary (9) active forms of adaptation to the environment, (10) dynamically changing in development, and (11) ontogeny of HPFs recapitulates cultural history. In this article these characteristics are discussed together with the relations among them. It is concluded that HPFs are real psychological phenomena.

Indexed as

Mental ProcessesPsychological TheorySocial BehaviorHistory, 20th CenturyHistory, AncientHumansPsychologyCultural-historicalHigher psychological functionsStructural-systemic approachVygotsky

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.