ArticleCancer gene therapy2015
Modulating mammary tumor growth, metastasis and immunosuppression by siRNA-induced MIF reduction in tumor microenvironment.
Article in Cancer gene therapy, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in intratumoral immunotherapy from a neuro-immune-endocrine perspective for breast cancer treatment.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Polysaccharide Adjuvants as Innate Immune Trainers: Bridging Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) Activation and Metabolic Reprogramming for Synthetic Vaccine Design.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Mycobiome: an underexplored kingdom in cancer.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and the tumor ecosystem: a tale of inflammation, immune escape, and tumor growth.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Breast Cancer Treatment Strategies Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: How to Convert "Cold" Tumors to "Hot" Tumors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Therapeutic Opportunities in Breast Cancer by Targeting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as a Pleiotropic Cytokine.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2024Review
- Antitumor therapy for breast cancer: Focus on tumor-associated macrophages and nanosized drug delivery systems.Cancer medicine · 2023Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies a novel proliferation cell type affecting clinical outcome of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- The Innate Immune Microenvironment in Metastatic Breast Cancer.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- DNA minicircles as novel STAT3 decoy oligodeoxynucleotides endowed with anticancer activity in triple-negative breast cancer.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2022Article
- Recent Advances in PROTACs for Drug Targeted Protein Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- TA-MSCs, TA-MSCs-EVs, MIF: their crosstalk in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Review
- Thieno[2,3-Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment and Molecular Aberrations Hijack Tumoricidal Immunity.Cancers · 2022Review
- Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) for Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Has Anti-Proliferative Activity in Lung Cancer Cells.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2021Article
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Multifaceted Regulators of Breast Tumor Growth.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Enhancement of β-Glucan Biological Activity Using a Modified Acid-Base Extraction Method fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Targeting Adipokines in Obesity-Related Tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Modulation of Macrophages M1/M2 Polarization Using Carbohydrate-Functionalized Polymeric Nanoparticles.Polymers · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified as a major gene product upregulated in breast cancer cells-tissues upon the accumulation of macrophages. However, regulatory role of MIF in tumor microenvironment is not well understood. Previously, we have developed small interfering RNA (siRNA)-loaded nanoparticle system to effectively reduce MIF expression in both breast cancer cells and macrophages. Using this nanoparticle system, in this study we demonstrated that the siRNA-induced MIF reduction in murine mammary cancer line 4T1 and human breast cancer line MDA-MB-231 resulted in significant reduction of cell proliferation and increase of apoptosis; the siRNA-induced MIF reduction in tumor-associated macrophages resulted in a significant reduction of surface expression of CD74 and CD206 and a significant increase of surface expression of major histocompatibility complex II, as well as intracellular expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2. A direct injection of the MIF-siRNA-loaded nanoparticles into 4T1 tumor in mice resulted in effective reduction of intratumoral MIF. This led to a reduction of tumor growth and metastasis. This also resulted in a reduction of circulating myeloid-derived suppressive cells both in number and in suppressive function. CD4 T-cell infiltration to tumor was increased. More importantly, this not only slowed the growth of treated 4T1 tumor, but also delayed the growth and metastasis of a contralateral untreated 4T1-luc tumor, suggesting the development of systemic antitumor responses. This study demonstrates for the first time that the siRNA-mediated intratumoral MIF reduction can induce antitumoral immune response via reducing systemic immune suppression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.