Observational studyMedicine2015
The Impact of Restricting Over-the-Counter Sales of Antimicrobial Drugs: Preliminary Analysis of National Data.
Observational study in Medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Assessing the impact of law enforcement to reduce over-the-counter (OTC) sales of antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries; a systematic literature review.BMC health services research · 2019Pooled it
- Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map.PLoS medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Community Pharmacists' Perspectives on Antibiotic Misuse and Antimicrobial Resistance in Cyprus: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Administrative interventions in antimicrobial stewardship: a global scoping review of all WHO regions.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Through the Pharmacist's Lens: A Qualitative Study of Antibiotic Misuse and Antimicrobial Resistance in Brazilian Communities.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A cross-sectional study examining the role of doctors' trust in patients' requests for antibiotics: a neglected perspective.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Consumption of antibiotics in Brazil - an analysis of sales data between 2014 and 2019.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Article
- Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Sales Comparison before and after the Implementation of Nationwide Restriction Policy in Saudi Arabia.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- How Did COVID-19 Impact the Antimicrobial Consumption and Bacterial Resistance Profiles in Brazil?Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A National Survey of Dispensing Practice and Customer Knowledge on Antibiotic Use in Vietnam and the Implications.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Using mystery shoppers to determine practices pertaining to antibiotic dispensing without a prescription among community pharmacies in South Africa-a pilot survey.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2022Article
- Antibiotic Stewardship in Retail Pharmacies and the Access-Excess Challenge in China: A Policy Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Article
- Effect on Antimicrobial Resistance of a Policy Restricting Over-the-Counter Antimicrobial Sales in a Large Metropolitan Area, São Paulo, Brazil.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Strategies to Improve Antimicrobial Utilization with a Special Focus on Developing Countries.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Cerium-modified iron oxides applied as catalysts in the heterogeneous Fenton system for degradation of cephalexin.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Article
- Antibiotic consumption in developing countries defies global commitments: an overview on Brazilian growth in consumption.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- Restrictive measure for the commercialization of antimicrobials in Brazil: results achieved.Revista de saude publica · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To describe the nationwide impact of a restrictive law on over-the-counter sales of antimicrobial drugs, implemented in Brazil in November 2010. Approximately 75% of the population receives healthcare from the public health system and receives free-of-charge medication if prescribed. Total sales in private pharmacies as compared with other channels of sales of oral antibiotics were evaluated in this observational study before and after the law (2008-2012). Defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DDD/TID) was used as standard unit. In private pharmacies the effect of the restrictive law was statistically significant (P < 0.001) with an estimated decrease in DDD/TID of 1.87 (s.e. = 0.18). In addition, the trend of DDD/TID before the restrictive law was greater than after the intervention (P < 0.001). Before November 2010, the slope for the trend line was estimated as 0.08 (s.e. = 0.01) whereas after the law, the estimated slope was 0.03 (s.e. = 0.01). As for the nonprivate channels, no difference in sales was observed (P = 0.643). The impact in the South and Southeast (more developed) regions was higher than in the North, Northeast, and Mid-West. The state capitals had a 19% decrease, compared with 0.8% increase in the rest of the states. Before the law, the sales of antimicrobial drugs were steadily increasing. From November 2010, with the restrictive law, there was an abrupt drop in sales followed by an increase albeit at a significantly lower rate. The impact was higher in regions with better socio-economic status.
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