SynthesisPloS one2015
Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,114 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
App-Based Mindfulness Meditation for People of Color Who Experience Race-Related Stress: A Randomized Control Trial
Racism-based Stress Injury and Biomarkers of Stress: A Feasibility Study and Correlation Study
Effects of Compassion-Based Resiliency Training (CBRT) Intervention on Racism-based Stress Among African Americans: A Pilot Study
Racial Disparities in Antidepressant Initiation, Titration, and Adherence After Receiving a Psychiatric Consultation
Our Voices Matter: Racial Justice Activism Intervention to Address Structural Racism and Prevent Depression in Black and Latinx Youth
Rise & Thrive: Community-Engagement Intervention to Address Chronic Stress and Prevent Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults
Who cites it
1,114 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Interventions to improve Cultural Safety in healthcare in CANZUS countries: a systematic mixed studies review of First Nations Peoples' experiences.International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care · 2026Pooled it
- The Perpetual Cycle of Racial Bias in Healthcare and Healthcare Education: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Inflammation as a mediating pathway between social defeat and mental health in humans: A systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Strengthening the pipeline of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander doctors into and through general practice training in Queensland, Australia: a scoping review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- A meta-analytic review of the relationship between racial discrimination and alcohol and other drug use outcomes in minoritised racial/ethnic groups.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Moving beyond gender: a systematic review of diversity data gaps in prospective trauma research.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Pooled it
- Structural racism as a fundamental cause of health inequities: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Pooled it
- 'Migration and grief go hand in hand' a qualitative analysis of losses and grief among first - and second-generation individuals with Turkish migration history in Germany through the lens of the minority stress model.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Discrimination and risk of spontaneous abortion in a preconception cohort study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- The roots of resistance: An institutional ethnography of faculty opposition to social justice curricula in undergraduate medical education.Medical education · 2026Article
- Discrimination and Mental Health: Influence of Structural Racism.Journal of marital and family therapy · 2026Article
- Discrimination and C-reactive protein across the life course: Findings from three national US cohorts.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Writing Wrongs: Navigating Microaggressions with Adapted Expressive Writing for Minoritized College Students.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Unpacking Multiple Forms of Discrimination Experiences in Racial/Ethnic Subgroups of Emerging Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Ethnic Discrimination and Heart-Focused Anxiety Among Hispanic Young Adults: Effects on Anxious Arousal, Depression, and Fatigue.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Experiences of Racial Discrimination: Qualitative Findings from Injured New Zealand Migrants.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- Resilience Mediates the Association Between Discrimination and Psychological Distress Among Rural, Black Women in South Carolina: A Structural Equation Model.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Gender and other diversity-related factors in psychiatric hospital care: protocol for the participatory mixed-methods PSY-DIVER study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Perceived Discrimination and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults: An Analysis of the Health and Retirement Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- More Than Hurt Feelings: Associations Between Perceived Racial Discrimination and Mental Health, Substance Use, and Victimization Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Adolescents.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
1,054 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants. Protocol PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013005464.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.