SynthesisAddiction (Abingdon, England)2016
An international systematic review of smoking prevalence in addiction treatment.
Synthesis in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 217 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opioid use and the risk of cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Pooled it
- An International Systematic Review of Prevalence, Risk, and Protective Factors Associated with Young People's E-Cigarette Use.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among People Using Extramedical Opioids: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Vaping to quit smoking: Qualitative study of people receiving opioid agonist treatment.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Trial
- Reductions in tobacco use in naltrexone, relative to buprenorphine-maintained individuals with opioid use disorder: Secondary analysis from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2021Trial
- QuitNic: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Nicotine Vaping Products With Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation Following Residential Detoxification.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Trial
- Smoking relapse risk is increased among individuals in recovery.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Trial
- Tobacco use during cannabis cessation: Use patterns and impact on abstinence in a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Trial
- The effectiveness and safety of combining varenicline with nicotine e-cigarettes for smoking cessation in people with mental illnesses and addictions: study protocol for a randomised-controlled trial.BMC public health · 2018Trial
- Use of multiple tobacco products in a national sample of persons enrolled in addiction treatment.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Trial
- "Cannabis Green Wave" versus "Nicotine Freeze": the regulatory paradox of cannabis liberalization and nicotine prohibition.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- OUTPACE Tobacco study protocol: a tobacco-free workplace program for dissemination and implementation in opioid use treatment programs in Texas.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2026Article
- Development and evaluation of a quitline intervention commenced within an Australian smoke-free residential AOD withdrawal service.PEC innovation · 2026Article
- "Cigarettes led me back to smoking tik": lived experience perspectives on tobacco use during substance use treatment and recovery in South Africa.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2026Article
- Metabolomic and gut microbial biomarkers of smoking cessation treatment in long-term drug therapy: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Among people who use heroin, tobacco smoking and illegal drugs cause a similar number of premature deaths.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Multimethod feasibility evaluation of smoking cessation intervention for patients receiving opioid agonist therapy.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Trends in Active Smoking Among Adults Living with HCV in the U.S. over the Last Decade: A Population-Level Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluating health-related quality of life and health resource utilization among Gabapentinoid users with substance use disorder in the US: Trends, co-prescriptions, and cost analysis.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Reducing tobacco and nicotine use among women in treatment for substance use disorder: evaluation of the knit to quit program.Arts & health · 2025Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimsSmoking prevalence is higher among people enrolled in addiction treatment compared with the general population, and very high rates of smoking are associated with opiate drug use and receipt of opiate replacement therapy (ORT). We assessed whether these findings are observed internationally.
methodsPubMed, PsycINFO and the Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database were searched for papers reporting smoking prevalence among addiction treatment samples, published in English, from 1987 to 2013. Search terms included tobacco use, cessation and substance use disorders using and/or Boolean connectors. For 4549 papers identified, abstracts were reviewed by multiple raters; 239 abstracts met inclusion criteria and these full papers were reviewed for exclusion. Fifty-four studies, collectively comprising 37,364 participants, were included. For each paper we extracted country, author, year, sample size and gender, treatment modality, primary drug treated and smoking prevalence.
resultsThe random-effect pooled estimate of smoking across people in addiction treatment was 84% [confidence interval (CI) = 79, 88%], while the pooled estimate of smoking prevalence across matched population samples was 31% (CI = 29, 33%). The difference in the pooled estimates was 52% (CI = 48%, 57%, P < .0001). Smoking rates were higher in programs treating opiate use compared with alcohol use [odds ratio (OR) = 2.52, CI = 2.00, 3.17], and higher in ORT compared to out-patient programs (OR = 1.42, CI = 1.19, 1.68).
conclusionsSmoking rates among people in addiction treatment are more than double those of people with similar demographic characteristics. Smoking rates are also higher in people being treated for opiate dependence compared with people being treated for alcohol use disorder.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.