ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2015
Expression of functional toll like receptor 4 in estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between TLR 2 (rs3804099), TLR4 (rs4986790), and TLR 9 (rs187084) polymorphism and leukemia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunologic research · 2025Pooled it
- The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in 5-fluorouracil resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2017Trial
- Toll-like receptors: versatile players in tumor.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Fetuin-A Modulates Tumor Growth and Invasion in a Basal-like Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell line, MDA-MB-468.Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology research · 2025Article
- MiR-5195-3p predicts clinical prognosis and represses colorectal cancer progression by targeting TLR4/MyD88 signaling.Cell division · 2024Article
- Clinicopathological Significance and Prognostic Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in Breast Cancer.Acta histochemica et cytochemica · 2024Article
- The microbiome: a link between obesity and breast cancer risk.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2024Review
- Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of TLR4 expression in patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- E3 ubiquitin ligase BCA2 promotes breast cancer stemness by up-regulation of SOX9 by LPS.International journal of biological sciences · 2024Article
- Targeting Store-Operated Calcium Entry Regulates the Inflammation-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Blocking the Hormone Receptors Modulates NLRP3 in LPS-Primed Breast Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Effects of the Co-Administration of Morphine and Lipopolysaccharide on Toll-Like Receptor-4/Nuclear Factor Kappa β Signaling Pathway of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells.Advanced biomedical research · 2023Article
- Review
- DAMPs/PAMPs induce monocytic TLR activation and tolerance in COVID-19 patients; nucleic acid binding scavengers can counteract such TLR agonists.Biomaterials · 2022Article
- Protein overexpression of toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and clinical significance.Oncology letters · 2021Article
- FAM49B promotes breast cancer proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance by stabilizing ELAVL1 protein and regulating downstream Rab10/TLR4 pathway.Cancer cell international · 2021Article
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate the immunosuppressive functions of PD-1Cell death & disease · 2021Article
- Controlling cancer-induced inflammation with a nucleic acid scavenger prevents lung metastasis in murine models of breast cancer.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2021Article
- Prognostic Value of NLRP3 Inflammasome and TLR4 Expression in Breast Cancer Patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
- The rapid endocytic uptake of fetuin-A by adherent tumor cells is mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).FEBS open bio · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionToll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are expressed on cells of the innate immune system. The ligands can be pathogen derived (pathogen associated molecular patterns; PAMPs) or endogenous (damage associated molecular patterns; DAMPs) that when bound induces activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. TLRs have also been discovered in various malignant cell types, but with unknown function.
methodsIn this study we performed a detailed analysis of TLR and co-receptor expression pattern and function in breast cancer. Expression patterns were examined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on three estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) and four estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor-negative (ER(-)/PR(-); ER/PR-negative) breast cancer cell lines, and a breast cancer cohort consisting of 144 primary breast cancer samples. The function was investigated using in vitro assays comprising PAMP/DAMP-stimulation, downstream signaling and TLR-silencing experiments.
resultsWe found that TLR4 was expressed in a biologically active form and responded to both PAMPs and DAMPs primarily in ER/PR-negative breast cancers. Stimulation of TLR2/4 in vitro induced expression of pro-inflammatory genes and a gene expression analysis of primary breast cancers showed a strong correlation between TLR4 expression and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. In line with this, TLR4 protein expression correlated with a decreased survival.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that TLR4 is expressed in a functional form in ER/PR-negative breast cancers. Studies regarding TLR4-antagonist therapies should be focusing on ER/PR-negative breast cancer particularly.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.