ArticleVaccine2015
Methylglycol chitosan and a synthetic TLR4 agonist enhance immune responses to influenza vaccine administered sublingually.
Article in Vaccine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chitosan as a Vaccine Adjuvant: From Material Determinants to Innate Immune Activation and Formulation Optimization.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Correlations Between Rheology, In Situ Mucosal Retention and In Vivo Immunogenicity Reveal the Potential and Limitations of Mucoadhesive Excipients for Sublingual Vaccine Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Applications of Chitosan in Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Infectious Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Oral mucosa immunity: ultimate strategy to stop spreading of pandemic viruses.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Towards the future exploration of mucosal mRNA vaccines against emerging viral diseases; lessons from existing next-generation mucosal vaccine strategies.NPJ vaccines · 2022Review
- Article
- Engineered Nanoparticle Applications for Recombinant Influenza Vaccines.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Effectiveness of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Development of Pentavalent Clostridial Toxoid Vaccine in Terms of Clinical Pathology Elements and Immunological Responses.Archives of Razi Institute · 2020Article
- Enabling sublingual peptide immunization with molecular self-assemblies.Biomaterials · 2020Article
- Co-encapsulation of synthetic lipidated TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists in the liposomal bilayer results in a rapid, synergistic enhancement of vaccine-mediated humoral immunity.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2019Article
- Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment ofFrontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Noninvasive vaccination against infectious diseases.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza is a vaccine-preventable contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza (flu) viruses which can lead to hospitalization and sometimes even death. Current flu vaccines delivered intramuscularly (IM) or intradermally (ID) are less effective at eliciting protective mucosal immune responses and vaccines delivered intranasally (IN) possess potential safety concerns. Sublingual (SL) vaccination is a promising alternative route for vaccine delivery which has been indicated as safe and effective at inducing protective immune responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments. We evaluated the efficacy of methylglycol chitosan (MGC) and a synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonist (CRX-601), alone or in combination, for improving systemic and mucosal immune responses to a monovalent detergent-split flu virus vaccine delivered SL. SL vaccination of mice with split-flu vaccine formulated with either MGC or CRX-601 resulted in specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA titers that were significantly greater than titers from non-adjuvanted vaccination and equivalent to or greater than titers in mice vaccinated IM. Our results demonstrate that SL vaccination utilizing MGC or CRX-601 as adjuvants is a viable alternative route of vaccination for flu which can elicit systemic immune responses equivalent to or greater than IM vaccination with the added benefit of stimulating a robust specific mucosal immune response.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.