ArticlePsychopharmacology2016
Haloperidol and Risperidone at high concentrations activate an in vitro inflammatory response of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by induction of apoptosis and modification of cytokine levels.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- DifferentialScience advances · 2026Article
- Haloperidol Triggers RAW264.7 Macrophages Injury through Oxidative Stress-Driven Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Genomic Instability, and Apoptotic Cell Death.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER1) Activation Mitigates Haloperidol-Induced Neurotoxicity in SHSY-5Y Cells and Improves Motor Functions in Adult Zebrafish.Neurochemical research · 2025Article
- Glia-related Acute Effects of Risperidone and Haloperidol in Hippocampal Slices and Astrocyte Cultures from Adult Wistar Rats: A Focus on Inflammatory and Trophic Factor Release.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Dopamine D2 Receptor Signaling Reveals Interplay of G Protein- and β-Arrestin-Mediated Effects.Journal of proteome research · 2023Article
- Effects of cannabidiol on vacuous chewing movements, plasma glucose and oxidative stress indices in rats administered high dose risperidone.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- NLRP3/Caspase-1-Mediated Pyroptosis of Astrocytes Induced by Antipsychotics Is Inhibited by a Histamine H1 Receptor-Selective Agonist.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Functionally selective activation of the dopamine receptor DScientific reports · 2021Article
- Changes of Cytokines in Children With Tic Disorder.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Treatment with the antipsychotic risperidone is associated with increased M1-like JAK-STAT1 signature gene expression in PBMCs from participants with psychosis and THP-1 monocytes and macrophages.International immunopharmacology · 2020Article
- Immunoendocrine Peripheral Effects Induced by Atypical Antipsychotics.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Review
- The Influence of a Xanthine-Catechin Chemical Matrix on in vitro Macrophage-Activation Triggered by Antipsychotic Ziprasidone.Inflammation · 2019Article
- Effect of risperidone on proliferation and apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2019Article
- Lithium is able to minimize olanzapine oxidative-inflammatory induction on macrophage cells.PloS one · 2019Article
- Relationships between low-grade peripheral inflammation and psychotropic drugs in schizophrenia: results from the national FACE-SZ cohort.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2018Article
- Risperidone-Induced Renal Damage and Metabolic Side Effects: The Protective Effect of Resveratrol.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2017Article
- Xanthine-Catechin Mixture Enhances Lithium-Induced Anti-Inflammatory Response in Activated MacrophagesBioMed research international · 2017Article
- Alteration of Cytokines Levels in the Striatum of Rats: Possible Participation in Vacuous Chewing Movements Induced by Antipsycotics.Neurochemical research · 2016Article
- Immune influences on the brain: new findings and implications for treatment.Psychopharmacology · 2016Article
- Assessment of antipsychotic-induced cytotoxic effects on isolated CD1 mouse pancreatic beta cells.International journal of health sciencesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol and risperidone, are used in long-term treatment of psychiatric patients and thus increase the risk of obesity and other metabolic dysfunctions. Available evidence suggests that these drugs have pro-inflammatory effect, which contributes to the establishment of endocrine disturbances. However, results yielded by extant studies are inconsistent. Therefore, in this work, we tested the in vitro effects of different high concentrations of haloperidol and risperidone on the activation of isolated macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line). The results indicated that macrophages were activated by both drugs. In addition, the activation involved an increase in nitric oxide levels and apoptosis events by modulation of caspases 8 and 3 levels and a decrease of the Bcl-2/BAX gene expression ratio. Cells treated with haloperidol and risperidone also presented higher concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα) and low levels of IL-6 anti-inflammatory cytokine in a dose-dependent manner. Despite the limitation of cell line studies based solely on macrophages cells, we suggest that antipsychotic drugs could potentially exacerbate inflammatory processes in peripheral tissues (blood and fat). The continued activation of macrophages could contribute to the development of obesity and other endocrine disturbances caused by the use of antipsychotic drugs.
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