SynthesisBMC pulmonary medicine2015
The association between obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC pulmonary medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Association between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and metabolic syndrome: a severity-stratified meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Association between obstructive sleep apnea and multiple adverse clinical outcomes: evidence from an umbrella review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Positive Airway Pressure and Metabolic Markers in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Respiratory care · 2024Pooled it
- Treatment suspension due to the coronavirus pandemic and mental health of infertile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Limited Palatal Muscle Resection for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of sleep surgery on lipid profiles in adults with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2022Pooled it
- An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational investigations of obstructive sleep apnea and health outcomes.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2022Pooled it
- The invisible costs of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): Systematic review and cost-of-illness analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- The prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in prediabetes: a systematic review.Diabetologia · 2021Pooled it
- Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with the risk of vascular outcomes and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2017Pooled it
- Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on ventricular remodeling of patients with combined diabetes mellitus and obstructive sleep apnea: a cross-sectional study and follow-on randomized clinical trial.International journal of cardiology · 2025Trial
- Sleep-disordered Breathing in Pregnancy and after Delivery: Associations with Cardiometabolic Health.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Effects of nocturnal intermittent hypoxia on metabolic syndrome in Japanese adults without abdominal obesity.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Hypoxia in MASLD: a spatial determinant of the pathogenesis.Trends in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Obstructive sleep apnea in adults with Down syndrome: body composition, metabolic profile and cognitive status.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Article
- Age matters: the differential impact of OSA on metabolic health by age group.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Article
- Using DISE to evaluate tonsillar obstruction in sleep apnea syndrome in adults.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated episodes of obstruction of the upper airway. Numerous studies have indicated a relationship between OSA and metabolic syndrome (MS), but the results remain debatable. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between OSA and MS.
methodsWe searched electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and ISO Web of Knowledge) up to September 2014 with English-language restriction. Cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies in which the presence of OSA was assessed by objective measurements, the exposure of interest was OSA, and the outcome of interest was the presence (or incidence) of MS were included. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (or relative risk) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, and heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed.
resultsOverall, 15 cross-sectional (2456 patients with OSA and 1705 subjects without OSA), five case-control (1156 OSA patients and 404 controls), and no cohort studies were included. The pooled ORs of MS in individuals with OSA for cross-sectional and case-control studies were 2.87 (95 % CI: 2.41-3.42) and 2.56 (95 % CI: 1.98-3.31), respectively. There was clinically unimportant (I (2) = 20 %) and moderate (I (2) = 35 %) between-study heterogeneity of the analysis. The pooled crude ORs of MS in individuals with mild and moderate-to-severe OSA was 2.39 (95 % CI: 1.65-3.46) and 3.45 (95 % CI: 2.33-5.12), respectively, and there was substantial heterogeneity in the meta-analyses (I (2) = 53 % and I (2) = 63 %, respectively). However, no evidence of publication bias was detected.
conclusionsOSA is shown to be associated with MS, although causality between these two factors has not been demonstrated yet. Future cohort and randomized controlled studies are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.