ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2015
The nature of immune responses to urinary tract infections.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 171 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
171 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 307 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urinary tract infections and risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association of Toll-like 4 receptor gene polymorphism (rs4986790, rs4986791) with the risk of urinary tract infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Identification of clinical and urine biomarkers for uncomplicated urinary tract infection using machine learning algorithms.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Targeted lysosomal activation in bladder epithelium enhances clearance of intracellular uropathogenic Escherichia coli.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Multifunctional VEGF/CeOPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Intravesically administered human defensin-5 ameliorates E. coli induced catheter associated-urinary tract infections in female SD rats.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Bladder mucosal afferents detect UTI and aid pathogen clearance.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of 24-hour urine output trajectories on 28-day mortality in people with urinary tract infection: based on the MIMIC-IV database.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Microbial and inflammatory profiling of pressure injuries and urinary tract infections in spinal cord injury: a prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Immunology of Sepsis.Clinics in chest medicine · 2026Review
- Urinary antimicrobial peptides and cytokines as biomarkers for recurrent urinary tract infection in children and adolescents.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The role of mucosal immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune Delay, Beyond Immune Evasion, as a Driver of Pathogen Propagation Competence Through Neutrophil Dysregulation, to be Mitigated by Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (LF-EMF).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- CAUTIon - not all UTIs are the same.Nature reviews. Urology · 2025Review
- Article
- IL-1β alters the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Single-cell analysis reveals an important role of CD137L+ macrophages in the host response to uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in the bladder.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- PTEN modulates urinary tract infection susceptibility and shapes urothelial antibacterial defenses.Life science alliance · 2025Article
111 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The urinary tract is constantly exposed to microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, but generally the urinary tract resists infection by gut microorganisms. This resistance to infection is mainly ascribed to the versatility of the innate immune defences in the urinary tract, as the adaptive immune responses are limited particularly when only the lower urinary tract is infected. In recent years, as the strengths and weaknesses of the immune system of the urinary tract have emerged and as the virulence attributes of uropathogens are recognized, several potentially effective and unconventional strategies to contain or prevent urinary tract infections have emerged.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.