ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2015
Mortality among heroin users and users of other internationally regulated drugs: A 27-year follow-up of users in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program household samples.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between all-cause mortality and HIV acquisition risk groups in the United States, 2001-2014.PloS one · 2023Article
- Associations between illicit drug use in early adulthood and mortality: Findings from a National Birth Cohort.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Effect of substance use on premature mortality among severely hypertensive African Americans.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2022Article
- Acute stressors and clinical characteristics differentiate death by suicide, accident, or natural causes among illicit and prescription opiate users.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Six-month retention and changes in quality of life and substance use from a low-threshold methadone maintenance therapy programme in Durban, South Africa.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2020Article
- Decreased Level of Blood MicroRNA-133b in Men with Opioid Use Disorder on Methadone Maintenance Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2019Article
- Approaching Retention within the ABCD Study.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2018Review
- Age of first drunkenness and risks for all-cause mortality: A 27-year follow-up from the epidemiologic catchment area study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Article
- Drug abuse-associated mortality across the lifespan: a population-based longitudinal cohort and co-relative analysis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2017Article
- Estimated probability of becoming a case of drug dependence in relation to duration of drug-taking experience: a functional analysis approach.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2017Article
- Changes in US Lifetime Heroin Use and Heroin Use Disorder: Prevalence From the 2001-2002 to 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.JAMA psychiatry · 2017Article
- Excess mortality among people who report lifetime use of illegal drugs in the United States: A 20-year follow-up of a nationally representative survey.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn contrast to research on more restricted samples of drug users, epidemiological studies open up a view of death rates and survivorship of those who have tried heroin a few times, with no acceleration toward sustained use patterns often seen in treatment and criminal justice samples. At their best, epidemiological estimates of heroin effects on risk of dying are not subject to serious selection biases faced with more restricted samples.
methodsData are from 7207 adult participants aged 18-48 years in United States Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program field surveys, launched in 1980-1984. US National Death Index (NDI) records through 2007 disclosed 723 deaths. NDI enabled estimation of heroin-associated risk of dying as well as survivorship.
resultsEstimated cumulative mortality for all 18-48 year old participants is 3.9 deaths per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval, CI=3.7, 4.2), relative to 12.4 deaths per 1000 person-years for heroin users (95% CI=8.7, 17.9). Heroin use, even when non-sustained, predicted a 3-4 fold excess of risk of dying prematurely. Post-estimation record review showed trauma and infections as top-ranked causes of these deaths.
conclusionsDrawing strengths from epidemiological sampling, standardized baseline heroin history assessments, and very long-term NDI follow-up, this study of community-dwelling heroin users may help clinicians and public health officials who need facts about heroin when they seek to prevent and control heroin outbreaks. Heroin use, even when sporadic or non-sustained, is predictive of premature death in the US, with expected causes of death such as trauma and infections.
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