ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
Imaging robust microglial activation after lipopolysaccharide administration in humans with PET.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 207 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
207 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Imaging the inflammatory phenotype in migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2022Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of the Glial Marker TSPO in Psychosis Revisited: Reconciling Inconclusive Findings of Patient-Control Differences.Biological psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Functional neuroanatomy of peripheral inflammatory physiology: A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Insomnia and inflammatory exposure impair spatial memory and cognitive mapping in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Trial
- Inflammation-induced depressed mood and reward responsivity as a function of age in female adults: a randomized controlled trial of endotoxin.Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Systemic Inflammation and Anhedonic Responses to an Inflammatory Challenge in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial.The American journal of psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Systemic inflammation enhances stimulant-induced striatal dopamine elevation in tobacco smokers.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Trial
- PET measurement of cyclooxygenase-2 using a novel radioligand: upregulation in primate neuroinflammation and first-in-human study.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Trial
- Minocycline reduces chronic microglial activation after brain trauma but increases neurodegeneration.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2018Trial
- Selective increase of cerebrospinal fluid IL-6 during experimental systemic inflammation in humans: association with depressive symptoms.Molecular psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Systemic inflammation enhances stimulant-induced striatal dopamine elevation.Translational psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Preliminary evidence of neuroimmune system disruption in opioid use disorder: Findings from a pilot PET TSPO imaging study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- OTUB1 non-canonically inhibits TAB2 ubiquitination to govern microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Bloodstream infections and Blood-Brain barrier Permeability: An observational cohort study.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Observational
- Regulator of G protein signaling 10: a critical regulator of chronic systemic inflammation in parkinson's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Linking human brain functional connectivity to underlying neurotransmission.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Network-Based Analysis for the Quantification of Brain and Body Immune Axes with Total-Body PET Imaging.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2026Article
- Systemic Endotoxemia, Inflammatory Activation, and Lipid Dysregulation in Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from Circulating LPS-Related Biomarkers and Plasma Lipids.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Central Administration of Recombinant IGF1 Is Neuroprotective in a Rodent Model of Acute Liver Failure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Advancing diagnostic biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: interdisciplinary innovations and technological frontiers.Human cell · 2026Review
147 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The core process in neuroinflammation is activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain. We measured the neuroinflammatory response produced by a systemic administration of the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; also called endotoxin) in humans with the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer [11C]PBR28, which binds to translocator protein, a molecular marker that is up-regulated by microglial activation. In addition, inflammatory cytokines in serum and sickness behavior profiles were measured before and after LPS administration to relate brain microglial activation with systemic inflammation and behavior. Eight healthy male subjects each had two 120-min [11C]PBR28 PET scans in 1 d, before and after an LPS challenge. LPS (1.0 ng/kg, i.v.) was administered 180 min before the second [11C]PBR28 scan. LPS administration significantly increased [11C]PBR28 binding 30-60%, demonstrating microglial activation throughout the brain. This increase was accompanied by an increase in blood levels of inflammatory cytokines, vital sign changes, and sickness symptoms, well-established consequences of LPS administration. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration in humans that a systemic LPS challenge induces robust increases in microglial activation in the brain. This imaging paradigm to measure brain microglial activation with [11C]PBR28 PET provides an approach to test new medications in humans for their putative antiinflammatory effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.