ArticleFrontiers in psychology2015
Effects of visualizing statistical information - an empirical study on tree diagrams and 2 × 2 tables.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Analyzing and supporting mental representations and strategies in solving Bayesian problems.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Presentation format influences the strength of causal illusions.Memory & cognition · 2025Article
- The impact of problem domain on Bayesian inferences: A systematic investigation.Memory & cognition · 2024Article
- How general is the natural frequency effect? The case of joint probabilities.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- The Use of Visualizations to Improve Bayesian Reasoning: A Literature Review.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Boosting for insight and/or boosting for agency? How to maximize accurate test interpretation with natural frequencies.BMC medical education · 2023Article
- Measuring people's covariational reasoning in Bayesian situations.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Analyzing and supporting mental representations and strategies in solving Bayesian problems.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Article
- Natural frequency trees improve diagnostic efficiency in Bayesian reasoning.Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice · 2021Article
- Tversky and Kahneman's Cognitive Illusions: Who Can Solve Them, and Why?Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Perspectives on the 2 × 2 Matrix: Solving Semantically Distinct Problems Based on a Shared Structure of Binary Contingencies.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Review
- A New Visualization for Probabilistic Situations Containing Two Binary Events: The Frequency Net.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- Different Visualizations Cause Different Strategies When Dealing With Bayesian Situations.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- Evidencing How Experience and Problem Format Affect Probabilistic Reasoning Through Interaction Analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- An Eye-Tracking Study of Statistical Reasoning With Tree Diagrams and 2 × 2 Tables.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- How to Improve Performance in Bayesian Inference Tasks: A Comparison of Five Visualizations.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- Visualizing the Bayesian 2-test case: The effect of tree diagrams on medical decision making.PloS one · 2018Article
- Why Can Only 24% Solve Bayesian Reasoning Problems in Natural Frequencies: Frequency Phobia in Spite of Probability Blindness.Frontiers in psychology · 2018Article
- The Impact of Visualizing Nested Sets. An Empirical Study on Tree Diagrams and Unit Squares.Frontiers in psychology · 2016Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
In their research articles, scholars often use 2 × 2 tables or tree diagrams including natural frequencies in order to illustrate Bayesian reasoning situations to their peers. Interestingly, the effect of these visualizations on participants' performance has not been tested empirically so far (apart from explicit training studies). In the present article, we report on an empirical study (3 × 2 × 2 design) in which we systematically vary visualization (no visualization vs. 2 × 2 table vs. tree diagram) and information format (probabilities vs. natural frequencies) for two contexts (medical vs. economical context; not a factor of interest). Each of N = 259 participants (students of age 16-18) had to solve two typical Bayesian reasoning tasks ("mammography problem" and "economics problem"). The hypothesis is that 2 × 2 tables and tree diagrams - especially when natural frequencies are included - can foster insight into the notoriously difficult structure of Bayesian reasoning situations. In contrast to many other visualizations (e.g., icon arrays, Euler diagrams), 2 × 2 tables and tree diagrams have the advantage that they can be constructed easily. The implications of our findings for teaching Bayesian reasoning will be discussed.
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