ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2016
Predictive and External Validity of a Pre-Market Study to Determine the Most Effective Pictorial Health Warning Label Content for Cigarette Packages.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic Review of Measures Used in Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warning Experiments.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Pooled it
- Perceived Effectiveness of Cigar Warnings Among Young People in the U.S.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Trial
- Combining Inserts With Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs to Promote Smoking Cessation: A 2-Week Randomized Trial.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2024Trial
- Designing Effective Testimonial Pictorial Warning Labels for Tobacco Products.Health communication · 2019Trial
- Testing Cessation Messages for Cigarette Package Inserts: Findings from a Best/Worst Discrete Choice Experiment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Potential Effectiveness of Pictorial Warning Labels That Feature the Images and Personal Details of Real People.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Trial
- The Role of Harm Visibility for Pictorial Health Warning Labels on Cigars.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Self-reported attention and responses to cigarette package labels at the end of a two-week randomized trial of cigarette package labeling configurations.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Perceived message effectiveness of cigar warning themes among adults in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Strategies to enhance the effects of pictorial warnings for cigarettes: results from a discrete choice experiment.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- Are the Same Health Warnings Effective Across Different Countries? An Experimental Study in Seven Countries.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- Visual Attention Patterns Differ by Pictorial Health Warning Label Features.Tobacco regulatory science · 2018Article
- Article
- Severity and susceptibility: measuring the perceived effectiveness and believability of tobacco health warnings.BMC public health · 2018Article
- Assessing Smoking Cessation Messages with a Discrete Choice Experiment.Tobacco regulatory science · 2018Article
- Cigarette flavors, package shape, and cigarette brand perceptions: an experiment among young Brazilian women.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2018Article
- Effects of Strengthening Cigarette Pack Warnings on Attention and Message Processing: A Systematic ReviewJournalism & mass communication quarterly · 2017Article
- The influence of graphic warning labels on efficacy beliefs and risk perceptions: a qualitative study with low-income, urban smokers.Tobacco induced diseases · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionStudies examining cigarette package pictorial health warning label (HWL) content have primarily used designs that do not allow determination of effectiveness after repeated, naturalistic exposure. This research aimed to determine the predictive and external validity of a pre-market evaluation study of pictorial HWLs.
methodsData were analyzed from: (1) a pre-market convenience sample of 544 adult smokers who participated in field experiments in Mexico City before pictorial HWL implementation (September 2010); and (2) a post-market population-based representative sample of 1765 adult smokers in the Mexican administration of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey after pictorial HWL implementation. Participants in both samples rated six HWLs that appeared on cigarette packs, and also ranked HWLs with four different themes. Mixed effects models were estimated for each sample to assess ratings of relative effectiveness for the six HWLs, and to assess which HWL themes were ranked as the most effective.
resultsPre- and post-market data showed similar relative ratings across the six HWLs, with the least and most effective HWLs consistently differentiated from other HWLs. Models predicting rankings of HWL themes in post-market sample indicated: (1) pictorial HWLs were ranked as more effective than text-only HWLs; (2) HWLs with both graphic and "lived experience" content outperformed symbolic content; and, (3) testimonial content significantly outperformed didactic content. Pre-market data showed a similar pattern of results, but with fewer statistically significant findings.
conclusionsThe study suggests well-designed pre-market studies can have predictive and external validity, helping regulators select HWL content.
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