ArticleBMC immunology2015
Detection of immunological treatment failure among HIV infected patients in Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in BMC immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- HIV vertical transmission linked to virological failure in pregnant women on ART.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Article
- Population-Specific Predictors of Immunologic Reconstitution Following Initiation of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy in Children: A Retrospective Observational Study from a 15-Year Cohort of HIV-Positive Children and Adolescents in Eritrea.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Biological parameters determining the effectiveness of monitoring of HIV / AIDS infected patients in Morocco.African health sciences · 2023Article
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- Virological and Immunological Antiretroviral Treatment Failure and Predictors Among HIV Positive Adult and Adolescent Clients in Southeast Ethiopia.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- Immunological Treatment Failure Among Adult Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2021Review
- Increased Virological Failure and Determinants Among HIV Patients on Highly Active Retroviral Therapy in Adigrat General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia, 2019: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2020Article
- Prevalence and Predictors of Virological Failure Among Adults Living with HIV in South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
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- Treatment failure and associated factors among first line patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Global health research and policy · 2019Article
- Immunological failure in HIV-infected adults from 2003 to 2015 in Southwest Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2018Article
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- Magnitude and predictors of antiretroviral treatment failure among HIV-infected children in Fiche and Kuyu hospitals, Oromia region, Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2017Article
- CD4+ cells recovery in HIV positive patients with severe immunosuppression at HAART initiation at Centre Medico-Social Cor-Unum, Kigali.The Pan African medical journal · 2017Article
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Funding
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Abstract
backgroundTimely detection of treatment failure with subsequent switch to second-line regimen reduces mortality among HIV infected people on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This paper aims to investigate the detection of immunological treatment failure and switch rate to second line regimen in Ethiopia.
methodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV infected patients (age > 15 years) who initiated ART between 2007 and 2009. The required data were collected from patient registers and formats. Data were entered and validated using EpiData software and then exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Odds ratio with 95% CI was used to assess whether immunological treatment failure was associated with experiencing unfavorable treatment outcomes (death or lost to follow up).
resultsRecords of 293 patients were reviewed with a total of 1545 Person-Years of Observation (PYO). The median baseline CD4 count was 115 cells/mm(3) (IQR: 64-176). A total of 46 (15.7%) patients experienced immunological treatment failure. The immunological failure rate was 3.0 per 100 PYO. Treatment was switched to second-line regimen for six (2.1%) patients. The rate of treatment switch to second-line regimen for any purpose was 0.4 per 100 PYO. Out of the six patients, only two fulfilled the WHO criteria for immunological failure; the remaining four patients had their treatment switched to second-line regimen for other purposes. This implies that only 4.3% (2/46) of patients with immunological failure were switched to second-line regimen. The risk of experiencing unfavorable outcome was 5.75 (95% CI 1.11, 29.8) times higher among those who had immunological failure than their counterparts after adjusting for baseline CD4 count.
conclusionsMajority of patients with immunological treatment failures were not detected and continued taking the failed regimen. Further studies are required to assess and explore why patients with immunological failure are not switched to second-line regimen as per the standard protocol.
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