ArticlePloS one2015
The Role of the Immune Response in the Pathogenesis of Thyroid Eye Disease: A Reassessment.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-Omics Approaches to Discover Biomarkers of Thyroid Eye Disease: A Systematic Review.International journal of biological sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Integrative analysis identifies shared therapeutic pathways in thyroid eye disease and diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The miR-320a/PRDX3 Axis Alleviates the Oxidative Stress and Fibrotic Alterations in Fibroblasts in Thyroid Eye Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Machine learning unveils hypoxia-immune gene hub for clinical stratification of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of thyroid eye disease based on angiogenesis-related gene analysis.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Article
- Article
- Purine metabolism-related genes and immunization in thyroid eye disease were validated using bioinformatics and machine learning.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Construction of the coexpression network involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease via bioinformatics analysis.Human genomics · 2022Article
- 2021 update on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2022Review
- Microarray Data of Lacrimal Gland Implicates Dysregulated Protein Processing in Endoplasmic Reticulum in Graves' Ophthalmopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Article
- Asymmetric lacrimal gland enlargement: an indicator for detection of pathological entities other than thyroid eye disease.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2019Observational
- Gene Expression Profiling and Heterogeneity of Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation Affecting the Lacrimal Gland.JAMA ophthalmology · 2017Article
- Molecular diagnosis: Implications for ophthalmology.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
29 authors at 13 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough thyroid eye disease is a common complication of Graves' disease, the pathogenesis of the orbital disease is poorly understood. Most authorities implicate the immune response as an important causal factor. We sought to clarify pathogenesis by using gene expression microarray.
methodsAn international consortium of ocular pathologists and orbital surgeons contributed formalin fixed orbital biopsies. RNA was extracted from orbital tissue from 20 healthy controls, 25 patients with thyroid eye disease (TED), 25 patients with nonspecific orbital inflammation (NSOI), 7 patients with sarcoidosis and 6 patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Tissue was divided into a discovery set and a validation set. Gene expression was quantified using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays which include 54,000 probe sets.
resultsPrincipal component analysis showed that gene expression from tissue from patients with TED more closely resembled gene expression from healthy control tissue in comparison to gene expression characteristic of sarcoidosis, NSOI, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Unsupervised cluster dendrograms further indicated the similarity between TED and healthy controls. Heat maps based on gene expression for cytokines, chemokines, or their receptors showed that these inflammatory markers were associated with NSOI, sarcoidosis, or GPA much more frequently than with TED.
conclusionThis is the first study to compare gene expression in TED to gene expression associated with other causes of exophthalmos. The juxtaposition shows that inflammatory markers are far less characteristic of TED relative to other orbital inflammatory diseases.
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