ArticleInfection and immunity2015
Immunomodulatory metabolites released by the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Host and Environmental Factors Outweigh Pathogen in Shaping Skin Microbiome of a Threatened Andean Amphibian Community.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Differential Immune Responses Correlate With Chytridiomycosis Severity in Italian Crested Newts.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Using fluorescent in vitro amphibian cell infection models to quantify pathogenicity of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Methods (San Diego, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Investigating the potential neurotoxic effects of cell-free factors by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on locomotion in Xenopus laevis.Biology open · 2026Article
- Amphibian (Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Primary regulatory T cell activator FOXP3 is present across Amphibia.Immunogenetics · 2025Article
- Amphibian cellular immune response to chytridiomycosis at metamorphic climax.Immunologic research · 2025Article
- The Binding, Infection, and Promoted Growth ofViruses · 2024Article
- Drosophila melanogaster as a model arthropod carrier for the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Enzyme-mediated depletion of methylthioadenosine restores T cell function in MTAP-deficient tumors and reverses immunotherapy resistance.Cancer cell · 2023Article
- Selection of an anti-pathogen skin microbiome following prophylaxis treatment in an amphibian model system.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Amphibian infection tolerance to chytridiomycosis.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Effects of temperature on the interaction between amphibian skin bacteria andFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Signatures of functional bacteriome structure in a tropical direct-developing amphibian species.Animal microbiome · 2022Article
- Lymphocyte Inhibition by the Salamander-Killing Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- Asymmetric cross-strain protection for amphibians exposed to a fungal-metabolite prophylactic treatment.Biology letters · 2021Article
- Exposure to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis affects chemical defences in two anuran amphibians, Rana dalmatina and Bufo bufo.BMC ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Immunological Aspects of Chytridiomycosis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a fungal pathogen in the phylum Chytridiomycota that causes the skin disease chytridiomycosis. Chytridiomycosis is considered an emerging infectious disease linked to worldwide amphibian declines and extinctions. Although amphibians have well-developed immune defenses, clearance of this pathogen from the skin is often impaired. Previously, we showed that the adaptive immune system is involved in the control of the pathogen, but B. dendrobatidis releases factors that inhibit in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte responses and induce lymphocyte apoptosis. Little is known about the nature of the inhibitory factors released by this fungus. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of three fungal metabolites produced by B. dendrobatidis but not by the closely related nonpathogenic chytrid Homolaphlyctis polyrhiza. These metabolites are methylthioadenosine (MTA), tryptophan, and an oxidized product of tryptophan, kynurenine (Kyn). Independently, both MTA and Kyn inhibit the survival and proliferation of amphibian lymphocytes and the Jurkat human T cell leukemia cell line. However, working together, they become effective at much lower concentrations. We hypothesize that B. dendrobatidis can adapt its metabolism to release products that alter the local environment in the skin to inhibit immunity and enhance the survival of the pathogen.
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