ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2015
The Three Bacterial Lines of Defense against Antimicrobial Agents.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bacterial L-forms: Key Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Disease Recurrence, and Immune Evasion.Indian journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- Advancements in Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia as a Promising Strategy to Combat Antibacterial Resistance.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Resistance mechanisms of bacterial biofilms on orthopedic implants and research progress on novel anti-biofilm coatings.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Variable inhibition of differentApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- The association between parenteral antimicrobials and bacterial resistance at King Khaled Hospital in Al-Kharj: A retrospective cohort study.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2025Article
- Silent Dangers in Elderly Pharmacotherapy: The Interplay of Polypharmacy, Multimorbidity, and Drug Interactions.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2025Review
- The Environmental Lifecycle of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes: Transmission Mechanisms, Challenges, and Control Strategies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Targeting Gene Transcription Prevents Antibiotic Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- From resistance to remedy: the role of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats system in combating antimicrobial resistance-a review.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Efficacy of avocado seed extract in preventing, inhibiting, and eliminatingVeterinary world · 2025Article
- Comparison of chemical constituents inFood chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Article
- Fruit Extract and Phenolic Compounds of Phyllanthus emblica Fruits as Bioactivity Enhancer of Chloramphenicol Against Bacterial Species.Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Mechanistic insight into the anti-alternaria activity of bimetallic zinc oxide and silver/zinc oxide nanoparticles.Heliyon · 2024Article
- An insights into emerging trends to control the threats of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): an address to public health risks.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance-Mur Ligases as an Antibacterial Target.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Synthesis of TiNanoscale advances · 2023Article
- Quiescence ofMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Antibiotic action and resistance: updated review of mechanisms, spread, influencing factors, and alternative approaches for combating resistance.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents target a range of extra- and/or intracellular loci from cytoplasmic wall to membrane, intracellular enzymes and genetic materials. Meanwhile, many resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria to counter antimicrobial agents have been found and reported in the past decades. Based on their spatially distinct sites of action and distribution of location, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria were categorized into three groups, coined the three lines of bacterial defense in this review. The first line of defense is biofilms, which can be formed by most bacteria to overcome the action of antimicrobial agents. In addition, some other bacteria employ the second line of defense, the cell wall, cell membrane, and encased efflux pumps. When antimicrobial agents permeate the first two lines of defense and finally reach the cytoplasm, many bacteria will make use of the third line of defense, including alterations of intracellular materials and gene regulation to protect themselves from harm by bactericides. The presented three lines of defense theory will help us to understand the bacterial resistance mechanisms against antimicrobial agents and design efficient strategies to overcome these resistances.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.