ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2016
Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk in Relation to Maternal Mid-Pregnancy Serum Hormone and Protein Markers from Prenatal Screening in California.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Steroid hormone pathways, vitamin D and autism: a systematic review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Pooled it
- The prenatal sex steroid theory of autism after 25 years.Nature human behaviour · 2026Review
- The dual face of human chorionic gonadotropin in the CNS: neuroprotection, signaling, and possible pathological effects.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Review
- Valproate-Induced Autism and Sexual Hormone Disturbances: A Literature Review and Hypotheses.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- Positive Autism Screening Rates in Toddlers Born During the COVID-19 Pandemic.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Additive interaction between birth asphyxia and febrile seizures on autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study.Molecular autism · 2024Article
- Giftedness and atypical sexual differentiation: enhanced perceptual functioning through estrogen deficiency instead of androgen excess.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Gonadal hormones impart male-biased behavioral vulnerabilities to immune activation via microglial mitochondrial function.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Sex-specific and sex-independent steroid-related biomarkers in early second trimester maternal serum associated with autism.Molecular autism · 2023Article
- Sex differences in placenta-derived markers and later autistic traits in children.Translational psychiatry · 2023Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Telomere Length in Childhood Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Article
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Maternal steroid levels and the autistic traits of the mother and infant.Molecular autism · 2021Article
- The Prenatal Hormone Milieu in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
- Foetal oestrogens and autism.Molecular psychiatry · 2020Article
- Prenatal sex hormones and behavioral outcomes in children.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2020Article
- Early Second Trimester Maternal Serum Steroid-Related Biomarkers Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2019Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2019Article
- Prenatal Progestin Exposure Is Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2018Article
- Symptom severity in autism spectrum disorder is related to the frequency and severity of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a retrospective case-control study.Molecular autism · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We examined prenatal screening markers and offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using California statewide data on singleton births in 1996 and 2002. Second trimester levels of unconjugated estriol (uE3), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) were compared between mothers of children with ASD (n = 2586) and of non-cases (n = 600,103). Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated by logistic regression. Lower uE3 (AOR for < 10th percentile vs. 25th-74th percentiles = 1.21, 95 % CI 1.06-1.37), and higher MSAFP (AOR = 1.21, 95 % CI 1.07-1.37 for > 90th percentile) were significantly associated with ASD. A U-shaped relationship was seen for hCG (AOR = 1.16, 95 % CI 1.02-1.32 for < 10th percentile; AOR = 1.19, 95 % CI 1.05-1.36 for > 90th percentile). Our results further support prenatal hormone involvement in ASD risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
26370672What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.