ReviewCNS drugs2015
Modified-Release Formulations of Second-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs: Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Aspects.
Review in CNS drugs, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sources of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability and clinical pharmacology studies of antiseizure medications in the pediatric population.Clinical and translational science · 2024Review
- Pain management strategies in urethral reconstruction: a narrative review.Translational andrology and urology · 2022Review
- Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies.Therapeutic drug monitoring · 2022Article
- Expert consensus of the Chinese Association for the Study of Pain on ion channel drugs for neuropathic pain.World journal of clinical cases · 2021Review
- Efficacy and tolerability of antiseizure drugs.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2021Review
- Article
- Refining General Principles of Antiepileptic Drug Treatments for Epilepsy.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2020Review
- Levetiracetam and brivaracetam: a review of evidence from clinical trials and clinical experience.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2019Review
- Review
- Effect of Age-Related Factors on the Pharmacokinetics of Lamotrigine and Potential Implications for Maintenance Dose Optimisation in Future Clinical Trials.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2018Article
- Ghost-Pill-Buster: A Case Study of Intact Levetiracetam Extended-Release Tablets after Dissolution Testing.CNS drugs · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Modified-release or extended-release (XR) formulations are used to decrease the frequency of dosing for drugs with rapid elimination, to improve convenience and adherence. Use of a modified-release formulation can decrease the peak to trough fluctuations in serum concentrations and theoretically improve the therapeutic benefit of the drug, by decreasing adverse events associated with the higher peak concentrations. Once-daily formulations of lamotrigine (Lamictal XR(®)), levetiracetam (Keppra XR(®)), oxcarbazepine (Oxtellar XR(®), Apydan(®) extent) and topiramate (Qudexy XR™, Trokendi XR™) are approved for the treatment of focal and/or generalized onset seizures. Other seizure medications have been approved for non-epileptic symptoms. Gabapentin XR (Gralise(®)) is approved for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgias. Gabapentin enacarbil XR (Horizant(®)) is a prodrug of gabapentin and is indicated for treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia and restless leg syndrome, a novel indication. For all but Qudexy XR™, the tablets/capsules must be swallowed whole, without cutting, crushing or chewing, in order to maintain the XR properties of the formulation. Qudexy XR™ can be swallowed intact or the capsules can be opened and sprinkled onto soft food for those with swallowing difficulties, for example, children and the elderly. The bioavailability of Gralise(®) and Horizant(®) is significantly affected by food, specifically fat content, and should be taken with a meal to maximize absorption. Overall, the primary advantage of the newly released XR formulations is the once-daily dosing to improve convenience and adherence, with very limited data suggesting improved tolerability.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.