Trial reportPloS one2015
The Effects of Fetal Gender on Maternal and Fetal Insulin Resistance.
Trial report in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Umbilical cord blood concentration of connecting peptide (C-peptide) and pregnancy outcomes.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Trial
- Beyond Deterministic Fetal Programming: Intrauterine Exposures and the Multifactorial Origins of Adiposity.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Maternal Hypoglycemia and Reduced Foetal Growth in Pregnancies Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Prospective Cohort Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Gestational diabetes mellitus - more than the eye can see - a warning sign for future maternal health with transgenerational impact.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2025Review
- Fetal sex effects on maternal health can now be tested via randomization: A first-in-class illustration in cows on glucoregulatory outcomes.Theriogenology · 2024Article
- Unveiling Macrosomia Risks of Non-Diabetic Women: Insights from Second Trimester Maternal Lipid Profiles.Archives of Iranian medicine · 2024Article
- Association of maternal insulin resistance with neonatal insulin resistance and body composition/size: a prospective cohort study in a sub-Saharan African population.Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2024Article
- The influence of fetal sex on antenatal maternal glucose and insulin dynamics.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2024Review
- Fetoplacental oxygen homeostasis in pregnancies with maternal diabetes mellitus and obesity.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2022Review
- Increased basal insulin sensitivity in late pregnancy in women carrying a male fetus: a cohort study.Biology of sex differences · 2022Article
- The impact of fetal sex on risk factors for gestational diabetes and related adverse pregnancy outcomes.Acta diabetologica · 2022Observational
- Placental Endocrine Activity: Adaptation and Disruption of Maternal Glucose Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Influence of Fetal Sex.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Pregnancies in Diabetes and Obesity: The Capacity-Load Model of Placental Adaptation.Diabetes · 2021Review
- Novel sex-specific influence of parental factors on small-for-gestational-age newborns.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Temporal relationships between maternal metabolic parameters with neonatal adiposity in women with obesity differ by neonatal sex: Secondary analysis of the DALI study.Pediatric obesity · 2020Article
- Fetal Growth Trajectories and Their Association with Maternal, Cord Blood, and 5-year Child Adipokines.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2020Article
- Associations of maternal prenatal smoking with umbilical cord blood hormones: the Project Viva cohort.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2017Article
- Pregnant women carrying female fetuses are at higher risk of placental malaria infection.PloS one · 2017Article
- Effect of Fetal Sex on Maternal and Obstetric Outcomes.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2017Review
- Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Endocrine reviews · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveGender plays a role in the development of a number of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and it has been suggested that females may be more insulin resistant in utero. We sought to assess the relationship between infant gender and insulin resistance in a large pregnancy cohort. STUDY
designThis is a secondary analysis of a cohort from the ROLO randomized control trial of low GI diet in pregnancy. Serum insulin, glucose and leptin were measured in early pregnancy and at 28 weeks. At delivery cord blood C-peptide and leptin were measured. A comparison of maternal factors, fetal biometry, insulin resistance and leptin was made between male and female offspring. A multivariate regression model was built to account for the possible effects of maternal BMI, birthweight and original study group assignment on findings.
resultsA total of 582 women were included in this secondary analysis, of whom 304 (52.2%) gave birth to male and 278 (47.8%) gave birth to female infants. Compared to male infants at birth, female infants were significantly lighter, (3945 ± 436 vs. 4081± 549g, p<0.001), shorter in length (52.36 ± 2.3 vs. 53.05 ± 2.4cm, p<0.001) and with smaller head circumferences (35.36 ± 1.5 vs. 36.10 ± 1.1cm, p<0.001) than males. On multiple regression analysis, women pregnant with female fetuses were less insulin resistant in early pregnancy, i.e. had lower HOMA indices (B = -0.19, p = 0.01). Additionally female fetuses had higher concentrations of both cord blood leptin and C-peptide at birth when compared to male offspring (B = 0.38, p<0.001 and B = 0.31, p = 0.03 respectively).
conclusionThese findings suggest gender is a risk factor for insulin resistance in-utero. Additionally, carrying a female fetus decreases the risk of insulin resistance in the mother, from as early as the first trimester.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.