ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences2016
Hemoglobin, Anemia, and Cognitive Function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Bidirectional relationship between anemia and cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a longitudinal study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Relationship between hemoglobin and specific cognitive domain among older adults using network analysis.Aging & mental health · 2025Article
- Hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio: a new insight into cognitive protection for obese individuals.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio in the relationship between occupational aluminum exposure and cognitive function impairment: a mediation analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- High hemoglobin-to-red cell distribution width ratio reduces adverse events in patients with pacemaker implantation.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Observational
- Profiling expressing features of surface proteins on single-exosome in first-episode Schizophrenia patients: a preliminary study.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Lower serum ferritin levels are associated with worse cognitive performance in aging.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Observational
- Association between hemoglobin trajectories and the incidence of dementia in a cohort of females aged 55-79 years.PloS one · 2024Article
- An Examination of the Non-linear Relationship Between Cognition and Total Hemoglobin Among the Cognitively Normal Older Adults by Gender.Journal of aging and health · 2024Article
- Lower haemoglobin concentrations are associated with impaired cognition in patients with carotid artery occlusion.Cerebral circulation - cognition and behavior · 2023Article
- Association of Anemia with Dementia and Cognitive Decline among Community-Dwelling Elderly.Gerontology · 2022Article
- Mortality in Patients With Late-Onset Epilepsy: Results From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.Neurology · 2021Article
- Red cell distribution width, anemia and their associations with white matter integrity among middle-aged urban adults.Neurobiology of aging · 2021Article
- Cerebral Hypoxia: Its Role in Age-Related Chronic and Acute Cognitive Dysfunction.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2021Review
- Association between anemia, physical performance and cognitive function in Iranian elderly people: evidence from Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program.BMC geriatrics · 2021Article
- Red Cell Distribution Width and Dementia Among Rural-Dwelling Older Adults: The MIND-China Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Article
- Red Cell Distribution Width, Anemia, and Brain Volumetric Outcomes Among Middle-Aged Adults.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Article
- Investigating Predictors of Preserved Cognitive Function in Older Women Using Machine Learning: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOur objective was to characterize the relationship of low and high hemoglobin concentrations and normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic anemia with cross-sectional cognition and change in cognition over a median of 6 years.
methodsCross-sectional and prospective analyses of 13,133 participants (mean age 57 years, 56% women, 24% black, 10% anemia) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (baseline 1990-1992) were carried out. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentrations lower than 13g/dl for men and lower than 12g/dl for women and was subclassified as normocytic (mean corpuscular volume [MCV] 80-100 fL), microcytic (MCV < 80 fL), and macrocytic (MCV > 100 fL). Cognition was assessed by delayed word recall test (DWRT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST), word fluency test (WFT), and global Z-score at Visit 2 (1990-1992) and Visit 4 (1996-1998). Adjusted linear regression models and splines were used.
resultsCross-sectionally, anemia overall was associated with lower cognitive test scores on DSST and global Z-score among men and women (all p < .05), but not on DWRT or WFT. Anemia subtypes were associated similarly with cognition, with strongest associations for the DSST and global Z-score. Additionally, elevated hemoglobin level was associated with nonsignificantly worse cognition in cross-sectional analyses, suggesting a nonlinear association of hemoglobin with cognition. In contrast, anemia overall and anemia subtypes were not associated with cognition in prospective analyses (all p > .05).
conclusionsThere was a cross-sectional, but not prospective, nonlinear association between hemoglobin concentrations and cognitive function, although only associations of low levels of hemoglobin (anemia) were statistically significant. Subtypes of anemia had similar magnitudes of associations with cognition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.