ArticleCancer research2015
A TDO2-AhR signaling axis facilitates anoikis resistance and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in Cancer research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 197 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
197 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 296 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comprehensive analysis of the role of QPRT in breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase may be a potential prognostic biomarker and immunotherapy target in cancer: A meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Curcumin alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via gut microbiota-dependent epigenetic alterations.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Endogenous metabolite signaling orchestrates tumor immune evasion.Cell insight · 2026Review
- Targeting tryptophan metabolism in breast cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and future prospects.Translational oncology · 2026Review
- Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Cytochrome P450 1A1 Axis Mediates the Selective Cytotoxicity of 2‑Phenyl-Imidazo[1,2‑ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Nitric Oxide, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Focal Adhesion Kinase Mediate Anoikis Resistance in A375 and SK-MEL-28 Human Melanoma Cells.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Cancer Neuro-Immunity.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Review
- The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: structure, signaling, physiology and pathology.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- A novel anoikis resistance-associated gene model for prognostic prediction and immune microenvironment characterization in lung squamous cell carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- An anoikis-based risk model predicts outcomes and is associated with the immune microenvironment in adrenocortical carcinoma.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Association of IL4I1Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A Review of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Immune Regulation in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Depletion of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and tryptophan accumulation triggers p53-dependent apoptosis.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- Drug-Induced Glucose Metabolism Disorders: Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- The toxicological impact of PET-MPs exposure on atherosclerosis: insights from network toxicology, molecular docking, and machine learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- AR to GR switch modulates differential TDO2-Kyn-AhR signalling to promote the survival and recurrence of treatment-induced dormant cells in prostate cancer.Cell discovery · 2025Article
- The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a rehabilitated target for therapeutic immune modulation.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2025Review
- Anoikis resistance in Cancer: Mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, potential targets, and models for enhanced understanding.Cancer letters · 2025Review
- Amino acid metabolism in breast cancer: pathogenic drivers and therapeutic opportunities.Protein & cell · 2025Review
137 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The ability of a cancer cell to develop resistance to anoikis, a programmed cell death process triggered by substratum detachment, is a critical step in the metastatic cascade. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) exhibit higher rates of metastasis after diagnosis, relative to estrogen-positive breast cancers, but while TNBC cells are relatively more resistant to anoikis, the mechanisms involved are unclear. Through gene expression and metabolomic profiling of TNBC cells in forced suspension culture, we identified a molecular pathway critical for anchorage-independent cell survival. TNBC cells in suspension upregulated multiple genes in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, including the enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Kynurenine production mediated by TDO2 in TNBC cells was sufficient to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an endogenous kynurenine receptor. Notably, pharmacologic inhibition or genetic attenuation of TDO2 or AhR increased cellular sensitivity to anoikis, and also reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells. In vivo, TDO2 inhibitor-treated TNBC cells inhibited colonization of the lung, suggesting that TDO2 enhanced metastatic capacity. In clinical specimens of TNBC, elevated expression of TDO2 was associated with increased disease grade, estrogen receptor-negative status, and shorter overall survival. Our results define an NF-κB-regulated signaling axis that promotes anoikis resistance, suggest functional connections with inflammatory modulation by the kynurenine pathway, and highlight TDO2 as an attractive target for treatment of this aggressive breast cancer subtype.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.