ArticleBMJ open2015
Geographic and socioeconomic variation of sodium and potassium intake in Italy: results from the MINISAL-GIRCSI programme.
Article in BMJ open, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06049641 (Hypertension in High School Students), which is not on this map. Cited by 37 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Hypertension in High School Students: Genetic and Environmental Factors
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (April to October 2018).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Pooled it
- Socioeconomic Determinants of Sodium Intake in Adult Populations of High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.American journal of public health · 2017Pooled it
- Systematic review of dietary salt reduction policies: Evidence for an effectiveness hierarchy?PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of the Implementation of Salt Reduction Interventions (June-October 2015).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2016Pooled it
- Effect of Salt Intake on Plasma and Urinary Uric Acid Levels in Chinese Adults: An Interventional Trial.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- The Effect of Salt Intake and Potassium Supplementation on Serum Gastrin Levels in Chinese Adults: A Randomized Trial.Nutrients · 2017Trial
- Determinants of High Salt Intake in Croatian Adults: Evidence from 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in the EH-UH 2 Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of Socioeconomic Factors and Lifestyle on Salt and Potassium Intake and Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio: EH-UH 2 Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- 24-h urine test application in patients with kidney stone disease: a population-based study in a primary care setting.Journal of nephrology · 2025Article
- Time to Consider Potassium Intake in Saudi: A Cross-Sectional Assessment Using 24 h Urinary Excretion.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Assessment of Salt, Potassium, and Iodine Intake in the Croatian Adult Population Using 24 h Urinary Collection: The EH-UH 2 Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Exploring educational inequalities in hypertension control, salt knowledge and awareness, and patient advice: insights from the WHO STEPS surveys of adults from nine Eastern European and Central Asian countries.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Does the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Promote Lower Sodium Urinary Excretion in Children?Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Psychometric testing of the Determinants of Salt-Restriction Behaviour Questionnaire in people of Chinese ancestry: a methodological study.BMC nursing · 2022Article
- Article
- Disparities and spatial variations of high salt intake in Iran: a subnational study of districts based on the small area estimation method.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Iodine Intake from Food and Iodized Salt as Related to Dietary Salt Consumption in the Italian Adult General Population.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake in Hungarian Elderly: Results from the Cross-Sectional Biomarker2019 Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention Program on Eating Behaviors in Italian Athletes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo assess geographic and socioeconomic gradients in sodium and potassium intake in Italy.
settingCross-sectional survey in Italy.
participants3857 men and women, aged 39-79 years, randomly sampled in 20 regions (as part of a National cardiovascular survey of 8714 men and women). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants' dietary sodium and potassium intakes were measured by 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretions. 2 indicators measured socioeconomic status: education and occupation. Bayesian geoadditive models were used to assess spatial and socioeconomic patterns of sodium and potassium intakes accounting for sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural confounders.
resultsThere was a significant north-south pattern of sodium excretion in Italy. Participants living in southern Italy (eg, Calabria, Basilicata and Puglia >180 mmol/24 h) had a significantly higher sodium excretion than elsewhere (eg, Val d'Aosta and Trentino-Alto Adige <140 mmol/24 h; p<0.001). There was a linear association between occupation and sodium excretion (p<0.001). When compared with occupation I (top managerial), occupations III and IV had a 6.5% higher sodium excretion (coefficients: 0.054 (90% credible levels 0.014, 0.093) and 0.064 (0.024, 0.104), respectively). A similar relationship was found between educational attainment and sodium excretion (p<0.0001). When compared with those with a university degree, participants with primary and junior school education had a 5.9% higher urinary sodium (coefficients: 0.074 (0.031, 0.116) and 0.038 (0.001, 0.075), respectively). The socioeconomic gradient explained the spatial variation. Potassium excretion was higher in central regions and in some southern regions. Those in occupation V (low-skill workers) showed a 3% lower potassium excretion compared with those in occupation I. However, the socioeconomic gradient only partially explained the spatial variation.
conclusionsSalt intake in Italy is significantly higher in less advantaged social groups. This gradient is independent of confounders and explains the geographical variation.
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