Trial reportJournal of clinical pharmacology2016
Pregnancy-induced changes in the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites.
Trial report in Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mendelian randomization study of maternal coffee consumption and its influence on birthweight, stillbirth, miscarriage, gestational age and pre-term birth.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Pooled it
- PBPK Models for Fetal Drug Exposure: A Critical Assessment of Current Approaches and Regulatory Readiness.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Review
- Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucorosultransferase (UGT) substrate drugs in pregnant women.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Urine-to-Blood Partitioning of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Human Biomonitoring: Implications for Environmental Exposure Analysis and Bioaccumulation Assessment.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- TidyMass2: advancing LC-MS untargeted metabolomics through metabolite origin inference and metabolic feature-based functional module analysis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Pregnancy Outcomes.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Clinical, metabolomic, and proteomic profiles associated with reproductive outcomes in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Pregnancy and Caffeine Metabolism: Updated Insights and Implications for Maternal-Fetal Health.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Coffee's Impact on Health and Well-Being.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of altered hepatic drug disposition during pregnancy: small molecules.Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology · 2025Review
- The Fetal Effect of Maternal Caffeine Consumption During Pregnancy-A Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Habitual caffeinated beverage consumption and headaches among adults with episodic migraine: A prospective cohort study.Headache · 2024Article
- Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy and Impact on Small-Molecule Drugs, Biologic (Monoclonal Antibody) Disposition, and Response.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2023Review
- Optimising Fluvoxamine Maternal/Fetal Exposure during Gestation: A Pharmacokinetic Virtual Clinical Trials Study.Metabolites · 2022Article
- Association of Maternal Caffeine Consumption During Pregnancy With Child Growth.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Maternal caffeine consumption and pregnancy outcomes: a narrative review with implications for advice to mothers and mothers-to-be.BMJ evidence-based medicine · 2021Review
- Caffeine exposure in utero is associated with structural brain alterations and deleterious neurocognitive outcomes in 9-10 year old children.Neuropharmacology · 2021Article
- Association Between Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Metabolism and Neonatal Anthropometry: A Secondary Analysis of the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Retinoic Acid Signaling Plays a Crucial Role in Excessive Caffeine Intake-Disturbed Apoptosis and Differentiation of Myogenic Progenitors.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Piperaquine Exposure Is Altered by Pregnancy, HIV, and Nutritional Status in Ugandan Women.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This study sought to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) changes of caffeine and its CYP1A2 metabolites across the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. A prospective, multicenter PK study was conducted among 59 pregnant women (93.2% white) who were studied once during a trimester. One beverage with 30-95 mg caffeine was consumed, and a blood/urine sample was collected within 1 hour postingestion. Concentrations of caffeine and its primary metabolites were quantified from serum and urine by LC-MS/MS. There was a significant increase in dose-normalized caffeine serum and urine concentrations between the first and third trimesters (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). Normalized theophylline concentrations also increased significantly in the third trimester in serum (P < .001) and in urine (P < .05). The caffeine urine/serum concentration ratio also increased in the last trimester (P < .05). No significant difference was found in normalized paraxanthine or theobromine concentrations. This study identified decreased caffeine metabolism and an increase in the active metabolite theophylline concentrations during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, revealing evidence of the large role that pregnancy plays in influencing caffeine metabolism.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.