ArticleThe New phytologist2016
Cytokinin-induced promotion of root meristem size in the fern Azolla supports a shoot-like origin of euphyllophyte roots.
Article in The New phytologist, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early "Rootprints" of Plant Terrestrialization: Selaginella Root Development Sheds Light on Root Evolution in Vascular Plants.Frontiers in plant science · 2021Pooled it
- Evolution of molecular networks underlying plant tissue patterning: insights from conducting tissues.Journal of experimental botany · 2026Review
- Laser ablation microscopy reveals apical notch, apical dominance, and meristem regeneration dynamics inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
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- Evolutionary adaptations to the hormonal regulation of vascular tissue development.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- ESR2 regulates cytokinin dynamics for plant regeneration.Plant physiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- The Slow Growth of Adventitious Roots in Tetraploid Hybrid Poplar (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Expression divergence of expansin genes drive the heteroblasty in Ceratopteris chingii.BMC biology · 2023Article
- Evolutionary genomic insights into cyanobacterial symbioses in plants.Quantitative plant biology · 2022Review
- Cytokinin Perception in Ancient Plants beyond Angiospermae.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Article
- Convergence and Divergence of Sugar and Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Gene expression data support the hypothesis that Isoetes rootlets are true roots and not modified leaves.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Article
- Review
- Patterning the Axes: A Lesson from the Root.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Fern genomes elucidate land plant evolution and cyanobacterial symbioses.Nature plants · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The phytohormones cytokinin and auxin orchestrate the root meristem development in angiosperms by determining embryonic bipolarity. Ferns, having the most basal euphyllophyte root, form neither bipolar embryos nor permanent embryonic primary roots but rather an adventitious root system. This raises the questions of how auxin and cytokinin govern fern root system architecture and whether this can tell us something about the origin of that root. Using Azolla filiculoides, we characterized the influence of IAA and zeatin on adventitious fern root meristems and vasculature by Nomarski microscopy. Simultaneously, RNAseq analyses, yielding 36,091 contigs, were used to uncover how the phytohormones affect root tip gene expression. We show that auxin restricts Azolla root meristem development, while cytokinin promotes it; it is the opposite effect of what is observed in Arabidopsis. Global gene expression profiling uncovered 145 genes significantly regulated by cytokinin or auxin, including cell wall modulators, cell division regulators and lateral root formation coordinators. Our data illuminate both evolution and development of fern roots. Promotion of meristem size through cytokinin supports the idea that root meristems of euphyllophytes evolved from shoot meristems. The foundation of these roots was laid in a postembryonically branching shoot system.
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