Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26354122›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexan Eimeria tenella and their relevance to vaccine development.

Damer P Blake, Emily L Clark, Sarah E Macdonald, Venkatachalam Thenmozhi, Krishnendu Kundu, Rajat Garg, Isa D Jatau, Simeon Ayoade, Fumiya Kawahara, Abdalgader Moftah and 9 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
65citing papers in PubMed
14.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

65 citing papers in PubMed, 122 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  3. Genetic diversity inVeterinary world · 2026
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  7. Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of FourAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025
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  13. Article
  14. Molecular and histopathological characterization ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025
    Article
  15. Study of dense granule proteins inFrontiers in immunology · 2025
    Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors at 11 institutions in 6 countries.

Damer P BlakePathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; dblake@rvc.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1077-2306
Emily L ClarkPathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom;
Sarah E MacdonaldPathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom;
Venkatachalam ThenmozhiDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 600 007, Chennai, India;
Krishnendu KunduDivision of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India;
Rajat GargDivision of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India;
Isa D JatauDepartment of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;
Simeon AyoadeDepartment of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria;
Fumiya KawaharaNippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan;
Abdalgader MoftahSchool of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom;
Adam James ReidParasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;
Ayotunde O AdebamboDepartment of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria;
Ramón Álvarez ZapataFacultad de Agronomía Instituto de Producción Animal, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela;
Arni S R Srinivasa RaoDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Mathematics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912;
Kumarasamy ThangarajCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India;
Partha S BanerjeeDivision of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India;
G Dhinakar-RajDepartment of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600 007, India.
M RamanDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 600 007, Chennai, India;
Fiona M TomleyPathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom;
Royal Veterinary College · GBIndian Veterinary Research Institute · INTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University · INFederal University of Agriculture · NGAhmadu Bello University · NGAugusta University · USCentral University of Venezuela · VECentre for Cellular and Molecular Biology · INNewcastle University · GBNippon Institute for Biological Science · JPWellcome Sanger Institute · GB

Funding

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/H009337
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The phylum Apicomplexa includes serious pathogens of humans and animals. Understanding the distribution and population structure of these protozoan parasites is of fundamental importance to explain disease epidemiology and develop sustainable controls. Predicting the likely efficacy and longevity of subunit vaccines in field populations relies on knowledge of relevant preexisting antigenic diversity, population structure, the likelihood of coinfection by genetically distinct strains, and the efficiency of cross-fertilization. All four of these factors have been investigated for Plasmodium species parasites, revealing both clonal and panmictic population structures with exceptional polymorphism associated with immunoprotective antigens such as apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). For the coccidian Toxoplasma gondii only genomic diversity and population structure have been defined in depth so far; for the closely related Eimeria species, all four variables are currently unknown. Using Eimeria tenella, a major cause of the enteric disease coccidiosis, which exerts a profound effect on chicken productivity and welfare, we determined population structure, genotype distribution, and likelihood of cross-fertilization during coinfection and also investigated the extent of naturally occurring antigenic diversity for the E. tenella AMA1 homolog. Using genome-wide Sequenom SNP-based haplotyping, targeted sequencing, and single-cell genotyping, we show that in this coccidian the functionality of EtAMA1 appears to outweigh immune evasion. This result is in direct contrast to the situation in Plasmodium and most likely is underpinned by the biology of the direct and acute coccidian life cycle in the definitive host.

Indexed as

Antigenic VariationAnimalsAntigens, ProtozoanBase SequenceChickensCoccidiosisCrosses, GeneticEimeria tenellaFecesGenetics, PopulationGenetic VariationGenotypeGeographyMolecular Sequence DataOocystsPhylogenyAntigens, ProtozoanProtozoan VaccineschickenscoccidiosisEimeriafood securitypopulation structure

Identifiers

PMID26354122
PMCPMC4586875
OpenAlexW2152077784

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.