ArticlePloS one2015
Effects of Acute Endurance Exercise Performed in the Morning and Evening on Inflammatory Cytokine and Metabolic Hormone Responses.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute Cytokine Responses to High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Humans: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Circulating Myokine Responses to Acute Endurance Exercise and Their Role in Immunoregulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Pooled it
- Time-Dependent Effects of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- The acute effect of fasted exercise on energy intake, energy expenditure, subjective hunger and gastrointestinal hormone release compared to fed exercise in healthy individuals: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2022Pooled it
- Daytime eccentric exercise and its impact on inflammatory markers and antioxidant defenses in physically active young men.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Timing matters: diurnal variation of maximal fat oxidation and substrate oxidation rates in metabolic syndrome-a randomized crossover study.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Trial
- Time of Day and Chronotype-Dependent Synchrony Effects Exercise-Induced Reduction in Migraine Load: A Pilot Cross-Over Randomized Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Does the Time of Day Play a Role in the Acute Effect ofNutrients · 2022Trial
- Late-afternoon endurance exercise is more effective than morning endurance exercise at improving 24-h glucose and blood lipid levels.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Trial
- The association between activity patterns and malignant neoplasms of female genital organs: a prospective cohort study of UK biobank.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Epileptogenesis in meningioma: Theories, putative biomarkers, and postoperative risk.Epilepsia · 2025Review
- Effect of baseline ferritin levels on post-exercise iron metabolism in male elite youth rowers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Maximizing performance in child footballers: chronotype and time of day study.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Morning physical activity may be more beneficial for blood lipids than afternoon physical activity in older adults: a cross-sectional study.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- Effects of menstrual cycle on cognitive function, cortisol, and metabolism after a single session of aerobic exercise.PloS one · 2024Article
- Endocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2023Review
- Chrono-exercise: Time-of-day-dependent physiological responses to exercise.Sports medicine and health science · 2023Review
- Exercise Timing Matters for Glycogen Metabolism and Accumulated Fat Oxidation over 24 h.Nutrients · 2023Review
- A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Physical activity as a promising alternative for young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Towards an evidence-based prescription.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo compare the effects of endurance exercise performed in the morning and evening on inflammatory cytokine responses in young men.
methodsFourteen healthy male participants aged 24.3 ± 0.8 years (mean ± standard error) performed endurance exercise in the morning (0900-1000 h) on one day and then in the evening (1700-1800 h) on another day with an interval of at least 1 week between each trial. In both the morning and evening trials, the participants walked for 60 minutes at approximately 60% of the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on a treadmill. Blood samples were collected to determine hormones and inflammatory cytokines at pre-exercise, immediately post exercise, and 2 h post exercise.
resultsPlasma interleukin (IL)-6 and adrenaline concentrations were significantly higher immediately after exercise in the evening trial than in the morning trial (P < 0.01, both). Serum free fatty acids concentrations were significantly higher in the evening trial than in the morning trial at 2 h after exercise (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between the levels of IL-6 immediately post-exercise and free fatty acids 2 h post-exercise in the evening (r = 0.68, P < 0.01).
conclusionsThese findings suggest that the effect of acute endurance exercise in the evening enhances the plasma IL-6 and adrenaline concentrations compared to that in the morning. In addition, IL-6 was involved in increasing free fatty acids, suggesting that the evening is more effective for exercise-induced lipolysis compared with the morning.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.