ArticlePloS one2015
Elevated Levels of Cytokines Associated with Th2 and Th17 Cells in Vitreous Fluid of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between diabetic retinopathy and polymorphisms of cytokine genes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Single-cell insights into maladaptive endothelial plasticity and therapeutic targets in diabetic vascular complications.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Review
- Enhanced M2 Polarization of Retinal Microglia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice upon Autoimmune Stimulation.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Th22 cells promote the transition from homeostatic to reactive microglia in diabetic encephalopathy.Acta diabetologica · 2025Article
- The Role of Th17/Treg Axis in Retinal Pathology Associated with Diabetes and Treatment Options.Biology · 2025Review
- Identification of PDGFA as a Neutrophil-related Biomarker Linked to the Advancement of Diabetic Retinopathy through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2025Article
- Imbalance of T cell subsets: a core event that mediates the progression of T2DM and its complications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Anterior Chamber Flare as a Non-Invasive Assessment of Intraocular Immune Status and Ocular Complications in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Observational
- Cell and molecular targeted therapies for diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- The causal relationship between immune cells and diabetic retinopathy: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Autoimmune uveitis attenuated in diabetic mice through imbalance of Th1/Th17 differentiation via suppression of AP-1 signaling pathway in Th cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- IL-33 regulates Müller cell-mediated retinal inflammation and neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy.Disease models & mechanisms · 2023Article
- Next-generation nanomaterials: advancing ocular anti-inflammatory drug therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- Proinflammatory cytokine profiles in prediabetic Saudi patients.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2023Article
- Ocular Vascular Diseases: From Retinal Immune Privilege to Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Association between Systemic Factors and Vitreous Fluid Cytokines in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Systemic and vitreous biomarkers - new insights in diabetic retinopathy.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2022Observational
- Comprehensive Proteomic Profiling of Vitreous Humor in Ocular Sarcoidosis Compared with Other Vitreoretinal Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Changes in aqueous and vitreous inflammatory cytokine levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in low-grade inflammation in diabetes, and play pathogenic roles in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) by producing proinflammatory cytokines. T cells as well as other cells are also activated by proinflammatory cytokines, and infiltration into the vitreous of patients with PDR has been shown. In this study, we measured helper T (Th) cell-related cytokines in the vitreous of PDR patients to define the characteristics of Th-mediated immune responses associated with PDR. The study group consisted of 25 type 2 diabetic patients (25 eyes) with PDR. The control group consisted of 27 patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM), 26 patients with idiopathic macular hole (MH), and 26 patients with uveitis associated with sarcoidosis. Vitreous fluid was obtained at the beginning of vitrectomy, and centrifuging for cellular removals was not performed. Serum was also collected from PDR patients. IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, soluble sCD40L, and TNFα in the vitreous and serum samples were measured. Both percent detectable and levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, and TNFα in the vitreous were significantly higher than those in the serum in PDR patients. Vitreous levels of these cytokines and IL-31 were significantly higher in PDR than in ERM or MH patients. Vitreous levels of IL-4, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-31, and TNFα in PDR patients were also significantly higher than those of sarcoidosis patients. In PDR patients, vitreous IL-17A level correlated significantly with vitreous levels of IL-22 and IL-31, and especially with IL-4 and TNFα. Although it is unclear whether these cytokines play facilitative roles or inhibitory roles for the progression of PDR, the present study indicated that Th2- and Th17-related immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of PDR.
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