ReviewFrontiers in immunology2015
Host Immunological Factors Enhancing Mortality of Young Adults during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relevance of Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors onOxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2018Pooled it
- Mathematical Modeling of Influenza Dynamics: Integrating Seasonality and Gradual Waning Immunity.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2025Article
- Pathogenesis of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection at the extremes of age: decipher the ominous tales of immune vulnerability.Advanced biotechnology · 2025Review
- Comparative Pathology of Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The Roles of Ubiquitination in Pathogenesis of Influenza Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- T Cells: Warriors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Trends in immunology · 2021Review
- Chaiqin Qingning Capsule Inhibits Influenza Virus Infection and InflammationEvidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2021Article
- Role of Aging and the Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections: Potential Implications for COVID-19.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Review
- Co-degradation of interferon signaling factor DDX3 by PB1-F2 as a basis for high virulence of 1918 pandemic influenza.The EMBO journal · 2019Article
- Review
- Comprehending a Killer: The Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways Are Temporally High-Jacked by the Highly Pathogenic 1918 Influenza Virus.EBioMedicine · 2018Article
- A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
- Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health.The open virology journal · 2018Review
- RIG-I overexpression decreases mortality of cigarette smoke exposed mice during influenza A virus infection.Respiratory research · 2017Article
- CXCR1/2 Antagonism Is Protective during Influenza and Post-Influenza Pneumococcal Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- A Review of Evidence that Equine Influenza Viruses Are Zoonotic.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Review
- The composition of immune cells serves as a predictor of adaptive immunity in a cohort of 50- to 74-year-old adults.Immunology · 2016Article
- Orally Administered Salacia reticulata Extract Reduces H1N1 Influenza Clinical Symptoms in Murine Lung Tissues Putatively Due to Enhanced Natural Killer Cell Activity.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Article
- A Missed Summer Wave of the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic: Evidence From Household Surveys in the United States and Norway.Open forum infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Editorial: Influenza Virus Vaccines and Immunotherapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During the 1918 influenza pandemic, healthy young adults unusually succumbed to infection and were considered more vulnerable than young children and the elderly. The pathogenesis of this pandemic in the young adult population remains poorly understood. As this population is normally the least likely to die during seasonal influenza outbreaks, thought to be due to their appropriate pre-existing and robust immune responses protecting them from infection, we sought to review existing literature for immunological reasons for excessive mortality during the 1918 pandemic. We propose the novelty of the H1N1 pandemic virus to an H1N1 naïve immune system, the virulence of this virus, and dysfunctional host inflammatory and immunological responses, shaped by past influenza infections could have each contributed to their overall susceptibility. Additionally, in the young adult population, pre-exposure to past influenza infection of different subtypes, such as a H3N8 virus, during their infancy in 1889-1892, may have shaped immunological responses and enhanced vulnerability via humoral immunity effects with cross-reactive or non-neutralizing antibodies; excessive and/or ineffective cellular immunity from memory T lymphocytes; and innate dysfunctional inflammation. Multiple mechanisms likely contributed to the increased young adult mortality in 1918 and are the focus of this review.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.