ReviewFrontiers in immunology2015
Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed.
- Correlations of the expression of γδ T cells and their co-stimulatory molecules TIGIT, PD-1, ICOS and BTLA with PR and PIBF in the peripheral blood and decidual tissues of women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2021Trial
- Predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of peptide vaccine treatment: based on the results of a phase II study on advanced pancreatic cancer.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2017Trial
- T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer Immunotherapy: Heterogeneity, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Genetic Alterations Involved in Immune Escape Mechanisms of Circulating Tumour Cells in Colorectal Carcinogenesis.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- VISTA: bridging gaps in cancer immunotherapy.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Future Therapeutic Strategies.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based combinatory and alternative strategies for immune treatment of lung cancers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Negative Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Revealing the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint proteins across diverse protein families.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Recent Developments in Nanotechnology and Immunotherapy for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- "Dissecting the role of T cell exhaustion in cancer progression: a multifaceted approach".Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- N-Glycan Branching Regulates BTLA Opposite to PD-1 to Limit T Cell Hyperactivity Induced by Branching Deficiency.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- From tumor to tolerance: A comprehensive review of immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune-related adverse events.Asia Pacific allergy · 2024Review
- Immunological Profiling of CD8International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Herpesvirus Entry Mediator as an Immune Checkpoint Target and a Potential Prognostic Biomarker in Myeloid and Lymphoid Leukemia.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- NFIL3/Tim3 axis regulates effector Th1 inflammation in COPD mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis reveals VSIR as a candidate immunologic, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarker.American journal of translational research · 2024Article
- Revolutionizing Skin Cancer Treatment: The Rise of PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 as Key Therapeutic Targets.Current drug targets · 2024Review
- Molecular Imaging of PD-1 Unveils Unknown Characteristics of PD-1 Itself by Visualizing "PD-1 Microclusters".Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.