ArticleArchives of disease in childhood2015
Children with oral clefts are at greater risk for persistent low achievement in school than classmates.
Article in Archives of disease in childhood, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Review and Meta-Analysis on Altered Brain Structure in Patients Born with Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Pooled it
- Academic achievement and needs of school-aged children born with selected congenital anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Birth defects research · 2021Pooled it
- Speech input processing in children born with cleft palate: A systematic literature review with narrative synthesis.International journal of language & communication disorders · 2021Pooled it
- Cleft lip/palate and educational attainment: cause, consequence or correlation? A Mendelian randomization study.International journal of epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
- Attention Skills in Children With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Observational
- Copy number variants and their implications for developmental and behavioural problems in cleft lip and/or palate.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Obstetric Unit Closure Effects on Child Academic Achievement, Infant Health, and Maternal Care.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Mortality in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Early-Life Low Lead Levels and Academic Achievement in Childhood and Adolescence.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Screening for Academic Risk Among Students With Cleft Lip and/or Palate: Patterns of Risk and Qualities of Effective Tools.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2024Article
- Association Between Gestational Age and Academic Achievement of Children Born at Term.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Oral Health and Academic Achievement of Children in Low-Income Families.Journal of dental research · 2022Article
- Academic outcomes of children with orofacial clefts: A review of the literature and recommendations for future research.Oral diseases · 2022Review
- Gestational Age, Newborn Metabolic Markers and Academic Achievement.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Retrospective Evaluation of Number of Surgeries and Parent Ratings of Academic and Behavioral Functioning Among Children With Isolated Oral Clefts.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2021Article
- Brain Developmental Trajectories in Children and Young Adults with Isolated Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate.Developmental neuropsychology · 2021Article
- Brain structure and neural activity related to reading in boys with isolated oral clefts.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo examine trajectories in academic achievement for children with oral clefts versus unaffected classmates and explore predictors of persistently low achievement among children with oral clefts.
designLongitudinal cohort study of academic achievement in a population-based sample. SETTING AND
participantsChildren born from 1983 through 2003 with oral clefts were identified from the Iowa Registry for Congenital and Inherited Disorders and matched to unaffected classmates by sex, school/school district and month and year of birth.
main outcome measuresAcademic achievement was measured from Iowa Testing Programs data. Outcomes included achievement scores in reading, language and mathematics.
resultsAcademic achievement data were available for 586 children with oral clefts and 1873 unaffected classmates. Achievement trajectories were stable for both groups. Children with oral clefts were more likely than their classmates to be classified into persistent low achievement trajectories, including when adjusting for socioeconomic differences: OR=1.63, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.16 for reading; OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.31 for language; OR=1.45, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.99 for math. Predictors of low achievement were cleft palate only (vs other cleft types), adolescent mothers, low maternal education and less frequent use of prenatal care.
conclusionsMost children have steady academic trajectories and children with oral clefts are at greater risk for persistent low achievement in school than unaffected classmates. These findings support the need for routine, early screening for academic deficits in this population. Cleft palate only, low parental education and adolescent mothers are associated with increased risk for persistent low achievement.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.