ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2015
Mechanisms and management of refractory coeliac disease.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic Literature Review of the Economic Burden of Celiac Disease.PharmacoEconomics · 2019Pooled it
- Refractory Celiac Disease: Nutritional Failure, Immune Dysregulation, and Lymphomagenesis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Aberrant intra-epithelial lymphocytes cause enterocyte cell death in refractory celiac disease by CD103-β7-receptor-mediated granzyme-B degranulation which can be restored by etrolizumab.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- The gut microbiota composition is shaped by disease activity and individual treatment responses in patients with multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Refractory Celiac Disease: What the Gastroenterologist Should Know.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Non-Responsive and Refractory Coeliac Disease: Experience from the NHS England National Centre.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Review article: Follow-up of coeliac disease.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2022Review
- Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: Beyond Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2022Review
- How to manage celiac disease and gluten-free diet during the COVID-19 era: proposals from a tertiary referral center in a high-incidence scenario.BMC gastroenterology · 2020Review
- Refractory celiac disease and COVID-19 outbreak: Findings from a high incidence scenario in Northern Italy.Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology · 2020Article
- Review
- Alterations of Gut Microbiota and the Brain-Immune-Intestine Axis in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis After Treatment With Oral Cladribine: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study.JMIR research protocols · 2020Article
- Immunosuppression-induced clonal T-cell lymphoproliferative disease causing severe diarrhoea mimicking coeliac disease following renal transplantation: a case report.BMC nephrology · 2020Article
- Refractory Celiac Disease Type II: A Case Report and Literature Review.Frontiers in medicine · 2020Article
- Celiac Disease: Extraintestinal Manifestations and Associated Conditions.Journal of clinical gastroenterology · 2020Review
- Multifactorial Etiology of Anemia in Celiac Disease and Effect of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Review.Nutrients · 2019Review
- Transglutaminase 2 and Transglutaminase 2 Autoantibodies in Celiac Disease: a Review.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2019Review
- A locus at 7p14.3 predisposes to refractory celiac disease progression from celiac disease.European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology · 2018Article
- Celiac Disease and Glandular Autoimmunity.Nutrients · 2018Review
- The production of a recombinant tandem single chain fragment variable capable of binding prolamins triggering celiac disease.BMC biotechnology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A small subset of patients with coeliac disease become refractory to a gluten-free diet with persistent malabsorption and intestinal villous atrophy. The most common cause of this condition is inadvertent gluten exposure, but concomitant diseases leading to villous atrophy should also be considered and excluded. After exclusion of these conditions, patients are referred to as having refractory coeliac disease, of which two categories are recognized based on the absence (type I) or presence (type II) of a clonal expansion of premalignant intraepithelial lymphocyte population with a high potential for transformation into an overt enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Type I disease usually has a benign course that can be controlled by mild immunosuppressive treatment, but type II can be more severe with cladribine with or without autologous stem cell transplantation effective as treatment. Patients who fail to respond to cladribine therapy, however, still have a high risk of malignant transformation. Insights into the immunophenotype of these cells and the recognition that type II disease is a low-grade, no-mass lymphoma opens avenues for new treatment strategies, including chemotherapeutic and immunomodulating strategies. This Review will provide an overview of refractory coeliac disease, discussing mechanisms, diagnosis and management.
Indexed as
Identifiers
26347156What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.