ArticleCritical care (London, England)2015
Likelihood of infection in patients with presumed sepsis at the time of intensive care unit admission: a cohort study.
Article in Critical care (London, England), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 115 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Molecular Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Sepsis
Clinical Study to Improve the Quality of Care in Critically Ill Patients With Suspected Sepsis Through Early Molecular Diagnosis .
KInetics of Procalcitonin to Reduce Unnecessary aNtibiotic Use (KIPRUN) - Protocol for a Multi-center, Randomized, Superiority Trial to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Procalcitonin Kinetics-guided and Absolute Procalcitonin Value-guided Antibiotic Initiation in Reducing Unnecessary Antibiotic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients
Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- [S3 guideline on sepsis-prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up care-update 2025].Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2025Guideline
- Appropriate timing of antibiotic initiation in patients with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy may shorten length of treatment and may improve survival-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Critical care (London, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016.Intensive care medicine · 2017Guideline
- Procalcitonin testing combined with NEWS2 evaluation compared with usual care based on NEWS2 for identification of sepsis and antibiotic initiation in the emergency department in England and Wales (PRONTO): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2026Trial
- Evaluating the Impact of Source-specific Order Sets for Sepsis on Empiric Antibiotic Selection in the Emergency Department.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Septic shock with no diagnosis at 24 hours: a pragmatic multicenter prospective cohort study.Critical care (London, England) · 2016Trial
- Laboratory-DetectedHealth science reports · 2026Article
- Prehospital Administration of Antibiotics for Patients with Suspected Severe Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sepsis accelerates frailty and functional decline in older adults: a 12-month prospective study.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of SeptiCyte® RAPID to discriminate sepsis from non-infectious critical illness in patients meeting sepsis criteria according to sepsis-3 definition at ICU admission.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Observational
- Article
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2026.Intensive care medicine · 2026Article
- Early Antibiotic Therapy in Sepsis Without Shock: A Multimethod Study of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in ICU Patients.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Antibiotic timing and progression to sepsis among patients in the ED for infection.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Using secure artificial intelligence agents integrated within the electronic medical record for the evaluation of blood culture appropriateness-Northern California, 2025.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2026Article
- Procalcitonin in the management of lower respiratory tract infection and sepsis.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Data-driven spatial-temporal framework for exploring the heterogeneity and temporality of sepsis.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Pre-Referral Antibiotics and Mortality Among Adults With Sepsis in Southeast Asia: A Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study.Critical care medicine · 2026Article
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionA clinical suspicion of infection is mandatory for diagnosing sepsis in patients with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Yet, the accuracy of categorizing critically ill patients presenting to the intensive care unit (ICU) as being infected or not is unknown. We therefore assessed the likelihood of infection in patients who were treated for sepsis upon admission to the ICU, and quantified the association between plausibility of infection and mortality.
methodsWe studied a cohort of critically ill patients admitted with clinically suspected sepsis to two tertiary ICUs in the Netherlands between January 2011 and December 2013. The likelihood of infection was categorized as none, possible, probable or definite by post-hoc assessment. We used multivariable competing risks survival analyses to determine the association of the plausibility of infection with mortality.
resultsAmong 2579 patients treated for sepsis, 13% had a post-hoc infection likelihood of "none", and an additional 30% of only "possible". These percentages were largely similar for different suspected sites of infection. In crude analyses, the likelihood of infection was associated with increased length of stay and complications. In multivariable analysis, patients with an unlikely infection had a higher mortality rate compared to patients with a definite infection (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.23; 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.49).
conclusionsThis study is the first prospective analysis to show that the clinical diagnosis of sepsis upon ICU admission corresponds poorly with the presence of infection on post-hoc assessment. A higher likelihood of infection does not adversely influence outcome in this population.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01905033. Registered 11 July 2013.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.