ArticlePsychopharmacology2015
Nicotine reinforcement in never-smokers.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Withdrawal Symptoms From E-Cigarette Abstinence Among Adult Never-Smokers: A Pilot Experimental Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Trial
- Acute effects of snus in never-tobacco users: a pilot study.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2018Trial
- Roland R. Griffiths, psychopharmacology pioneer: Abuse liability, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Reinforcement enhancement by nicotine: A novel abuse-liability assessment of e-cigarettes in young adults.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Sensory Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Review
- Rewarding Subjective Effects of the NMDAR Antagonist Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas) Are Moderated by Impulsivity and Depressive Symptoms in Healthy Volunteers.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Article
- A Forced-Choice Procedure to Assess the Acute Relative Reinforcing Effects of Nicotine Dose per se in Humans.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Research on Behavioral Discrimination of Nicotine May Inform FDA Policy on Setting a Maximum Nicotine Content in Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- Amino acid modulation of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens mediates sex differences in nicotine withdrawal.Addiction biology · 2018Article
- Nicotine aversion is mediated by GABAergic interpeduncular nucleus inputs to laterodorsal tegmentum.Nature communications · 2018Article
- Reinforcement enhancement by nicotine in adult rats: behavioral selectivity and relation to mode of delivery and blood nicotine levels.Psychopharmacology · 2018Article
- Preliminary test of cigarette nicotine discrimination threshold in non-dependent versus dependent smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Article
- Threshold dose for behavioral discrimination of cigarette nicotine content in menthol vs. non-menthol smokers.Psychopharmacology · 2017Article
- Nicotine Acutely Enhances Reinforcement from Non-Drug Rewards in Humans.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2017Review
- Assessing Discrimination of Nicotine in Humans Via Cigarette Smoking.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Article
- Threshold dose for discrimination of nicotine via cigarette smoking.Psychopharmacology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleGlobal tobacco-related mortality dwarfs that of all other drugs. Nicotine is believed to be the primary agent responsible for tobacco use and addiction. However, nicotine is a relatively weak and inconsistent reinforcer in nonhumans and nicotine reinforcement has not been demonstrated in never-smokers.
objectivesThis study investigated the discriminative, subjective, and reinforcing effects of nicotine in never-smokers.
methodsEighteen never-smokers (< 50 lifetime nicotine exposures) participated in a double-blind study. During a drug discrimination phase, volunteers ingested oral nicotine and placebo capsules (quasi-random order) at least 2 h apart and rated subjective effects repeatedly for 2 h after ingestion in daily sessions. Blocks of 10 sessions were continued until significant discrimination was achieved (p ≤ 0.05, binomial test; ≥ 8 of 10). Following discrimination, nicotine choice was tested by having volunteers choose which capsule set to ingest on each daily session. Successive blocks of 10 sessions were conducted until choice for nicotine or placebo met significance within each volunteer (≥ 8 of 10 sessions).
resultsAll 18 volunteers significantly discriminated nicotine from placebo; the lowest dose discriminated ranged from 1.0 to 4.0 mg/70 kg. Nine volunteers significantly chose nicotine (choosers) and nine significantly chose placebo (nicotine avoiders). The choosers reported predominately positive nicotine subjective effects (e.g., alert/attentive, good effects, liking), while avoiders tended to report negative effects (e.g., dizzy, upset stomach, disliking). Both choosers and avoiders attributed their choice to the qualitative nature of drug effects.
conclusionsThese results provide the first evidence that nicotine can function as a reinforcer in some never-smokers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.