ReviewVaccines2014
Immune Adjuvant Effect of Molecularly-defined Toll-Like Receptor Ligands.
Review in Vaccines, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- Manganese Pyrophosphate Mineralized DNA Nanovaccine Elicits Potent Humoral and Cellular Immunity.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Article
- Redesign of TALE proteins for DNA-templated assembly of protein fibers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Endogenous living adjuvants for cancer vaccination: Concepts, mechanisms, and design principles.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Synthetic double-stranded RNA in antiviral immunity and vaccine adjuvant: insights into poly(I:C) and poly(A:U).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- Ionizable lipid nanoparticles of mRNA vaccines elicit NF-κB and IRF responses through toll-like receptor 4.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Destabilising Effect of Class B CpG Adjuvants on Different Proteins and Vaccine Candidates.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Anti-Tumor Efficacy of a Mesothelin-Based Nanovaccine in a KPC Orthotopic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer.Vaccines · 2025Article
- The immunomodulatory and antitumor properties of the bacterial metalloprotease Oligopeptidase A are mediated by TLR4/MyD88/TRIF and MAPK signaling pathways.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Harnessing adjuvant-induced epigenetic modulation for enhanced immunity in vaccines and cancer therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- Post-Vaccination Delivery of CpG ODNs Enhances the Th2-Associated Protective Immunity of the Smallpox DNA Vaccine.Molecular biotechnology · 2024Article
- Vaccine adjuvants: current status, research and development, licensing, and future opportunities.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2024Review
- The scientific journey of a novel adjuvant (AS37) from bench to bedside.NPJ vaccines · 2024Review
- Designing of a multi-epitopes based vaccine againstFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- rWTC-MBTA: autologous vaccine prevents metastases via antitumor immune responses.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2023Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy is optimized by addition of immune adjuvants. However, although adjuvants have been used for over a century, to date, only few adjuvants are approved for human use, mostly aimed at improving vaccine efficacy and antigen-specific protective antibody production. The mechanism of action of immune adjuvants is diverse, depending on their chemical and molecular nature, ranging from non-specific effects (i.e., antigen depot at the immunization site) to specific activation of immune cells leading to improved host innate and adaptive responses. Although the detailed molecular mechanism of action of many adjuvants is still elusive, the discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has provided new critical information on immunostimulatory effect of numerous bacterial components that engage TLRs. These ligands have been shown to improve both the quality and the quantity of host adaptive immune responses when used in vaccine formulations targeted to infectious diseases and cancer that require both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The potential of such TLR adjuvants in improving the design and the outcomes of several vaccines is continuously evolving, as new agonists are discovered and tested in experimental and clinical models of vaccination. In this review, a summary of the recent progress in development of TLR adjuvants is presented.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.