ReviewVaccines2014
Vaccine Potentiation by Combination Adjuvants.
Review in Vaccines, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-Analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials of Vaccines with QS-21 or ISCOMATRIX Adjuvant: Safety and Tolerability.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Dendritic Cells: Origin, Classification, Development, Biological Functions, and Therapeutic Potential.MedComm · 2025Review
- Mincle receptor agonist UM-1098 and TLR4 agonist INI-2002 combination adjuvant enhances Th1 responses and provides protection againstVaccine: X · 2025Article
- Precision Adjuvant Strategies in Vaccine Development for Substance Use Disorders: Variability and Mechanistic Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Leaf Saponins ofPharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Gamma-irradiated fowl cholera vaccines formulated with different adjuvants induced antibody response and cytokine expression in chickens.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Enhancing vaccine effectiveness in the elderly to counter antibiotic resistance: The potential of adjuvants via pattern recognition receptors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Review
- Article
- Advancement in the Antigenic Epitopes and Vaccine Adjuvants of African Swine Fever Virus.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Non-Invasive Vaccines: Challenges in Formulation and Vaccine Adjuvants.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- ABToxins · 2023Article
- Article
- Progress towards Adjuvant Development: Focus on Antiviral Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Combined Adjuvant Formulations Enhanced an Immune Response of Trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine in Cattle.Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- TLR9 and STING agonists cooperatively boost the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine through an increased germinal center B cell response and reshaped T helper responses.International journal of biological sciences · 2023Article
- Nanocarriers for effective delivery: modulation of innate immunity for the management of infections and the associated complications.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
- Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Poly I:C Combination Adjuvant Promoted Ovalbumin-Specific Cell Mediated Immunity in Mice Model.Biology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Adjuvants are crucial components of vaccines. They significantly improve vaccine efficacy by modulating, enhancing, or extending the immune response and at the same time reducing the amount of antigen needed. In contrast to previously licensed adjuvants, current successful adjuvant formulations often consist of several molecules, that when combined, act synergistically by activating a variety of immune mechanisms. These "combination adjuvants" are already registered with several vaccines, both in humans and animals, and novel combination adjuvants are in the pipeline. With improved knowledge of the type of immune responses needed to successfully induce disease protection by vaccination, combination adjuvants are particularly suited to not only enhance, but also direct the immune responses desired to be either Th1-, Th2- or Th17-biased. Indeed, in view of the variety of disease and population targets for vaccine development, a panel of adjuvants will be needed to address different disease targets and populations. Here, we will review well-known and new combination adjuvants already licensed or currently in development-including ISCOMs, liposomes, Adjuvant Systems Montanides, and triple adjuvant combinations-and summarize their performance in preclinical and clinical trials. Several of these combination adjuvants are promising having promoted improved and balanced immune responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.