ReviewVaccines2014
Adjuvants in the Driver's Seat: How Magnitude, Type, Fine Specificity and Longevity of Immune Responses Are Driven by Distinct Classes of Immune Potentiators.
Review in Vaccines, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Revolutionizing Lyme disease vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis of promising candidates.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Controlling timing and location in vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Repeated Immunization Drives Coordinated Ag Presentation Associated With B- and CD8Immune network · 2026Article
- Review
- Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Harnessing pro-inflammatory and immunopathologic immune responses in urinary tract infections for vaccine development: it's all about a balance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Characterizing TLR4 agonist EmT4™ as an anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine adjuvant.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Article
- Boosting Mouse Defense against LethalVaccines · 2023Article
- Self-Adjuvanting Calcium-Phosphate-Coated Microcrystal-Based Vaccines Induce Pyroptosis in Human and Livestock Immune Cells.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Next-Generation Adjuvants: Applying Engineering Methods to Create and Evaluate Novel Immunological Responses.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Development of synthetic, self-adjuvanting, and self-assembling anticancer vaccines based on a minimal saponin adjuvant and the tumor-associated MUC1 antigen.Chemical science · 2023Article
- Cell-targeted vaccines: implications for adaptive immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Photosynthetic microorganisms coupled photodynamic therapy for enhanced antitumor immune effect.Bioactive materials · 2022Article
- Rational Development of a Polysaccharide-Protein-Conjugated Nanoparticle Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Streptococcus pneumoniae.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccine induces robust innate immune activity driving polyfunctional spike-specific T cell responses.NPJ vaccines · 2021Article
- Immunochemistry-Based Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: A Strategy for Large-Scale Production of MPT64-Antibodies for Use in the MPT64 Antigen Detection Test.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Orally administered β-glucan improves the hemolytic activity of the complement system in horses.Veterinary world · 2021Article
- High- and low-molecular-weight chitosan act as adjuvants during single-dose influenza A virus protein vaccination through distinct mechanisms.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2021Article
- Zika Virus Envelope Domain III Recombinant Protein Delivered With Saponin-Based Nanoadjuvant FromFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. This review focuses on the mode of action of different adjuvant classes in regards to the stimulation of specific immune cell subsets, the biasing of immune responses towards cellular or humoral immune response, the ability to mediate epitope spreading and the induction of persistent immunological memory. A better understanding of how particular adjuvants mediate their biological effects will eventually allow them to be selected for specific vaccines in a targeted and rational manner.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.