ArticleCell2015
Pathogen Cell-to-Cell Variability Drives Heterogeneity in Host Immune Responses.
Article in Cell, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 175 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Computational paradigms for antimicrobial resistance prediction: integrating multi-omics, structural modeling, and foundation artificial intelligence systems.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Pooled it
- The use of faecal indicator organisms to manage microbial health risks in recreational waterways not impacted by point sources of sewage: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence.Journal of water and health · 2025Pooled it
- Phenotypic alteration of macrophages during osteoarthritis: a systematic review.Arthritis research & therapy · 2021Pooled it
- Lipid nanoparticles as active biointerfaces: From membrane interaction to systemic dysregulation.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Heterogeneity of Immunological, Coagulation and Complement Clustering to Viral Challenge and Clinical Relevance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Bacterial surface display enables lysis-independent joint host-pathogen single-cell profiling.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Intracellular microbial shifts during COVID-19 infection and longitudinal recovery revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing.iScience · 2026Article
- Heritable single-cell gene expression states shape functional variability in innate immune responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Empowering fungal infection research with single-cell RNA sequencing.Communications biology · 2026Review
- RNAseq analysis demonstrates polarization state-dependent responses to ambient particulate matter in a particle composition-specific manner.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Unravelling bacterial complexity at high resolution with single-cell transcriptomics.Nature microbiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Spatial microenvironments tune immune response dynamics in the Drosophila larval fat body.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Article
- Salmonella enterica persister cells exhibit distinct susceptibility profiles following exposure to human serum and macrophages.PloS one · 2026Article
- A commensal bacterium secretes effector proteins to establish population heterogeneity in the gut.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Cell-to-Cell and Patient-to-Patient Variability in Antimicrobial Resistance.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Clinical application of single-cell RNA sequencing in disease and therapy.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Kmo restricts Salmonella in a whole organism infection model by promoting macrophage lysosomal acidification through kainate receptor antagonism.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Encounters between immune cells and invading bacteria ultimately determine the course of infection. These interactions are usually measured in populations of cells, masking cell-to-cell variation that may be important for infection outcome. To characterize the gene expression variation that underlies distinct infection outcomes and monitor infection phenotypes, we developed an experimental system that combines single-cell RNA-seq with fluorescent markers. Probing the responses of individual macrophages to invading Salmonella, we find that variation between individual infected host cells is determined by the heterogeneous activity of bacterial factors in individual infecting bacteria. We illustrate how variable PhoPQ activity in the population of invading bacteria drives variable host type I IFN responses by modifying LPS in a subset of bacteria. This work demonstrates a causative link between host and bacterial variability, with cell-to-cell variation between different bacteria being sufficient to drive radically different host immune responses. This co-variation has implications for host-pathogen dynamics in vivo.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.