Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26343026›Full record

ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2016

The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism.

Susan L Hyman, Patricia A Stewart, Jennifer Foley, Usa Cain, Robin Peck, Danielle D Morris, Hongyue Wang, Tristram Smith

Abstract readControlled Clinical Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Autism - A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025
    Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ABOUT NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2020
    Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Trial
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Susan L HymanDivision of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14620, USA. Susan_Hyman@URMC.Rochester.edu.
Patricia A StewartDepartment of Pediatrics and Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Saunders Research Building, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
Jennifer FoleyDivision of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
Usa CainDivision of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
Robin PeckDepartment of Pediatrics and Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Saunders Research Building, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
Danielle D MorrisDivision of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
Hongyue WangDepartment of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Saunders Research Building, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
Tristram SmithDivision of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.

Funding

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER'S RESEARCH ASSOCIATE ORGANIZATIONUL1RR024160 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER · PI PEARSON, THOMAS ARTHUR · 2006 to 2011
$38.7M
NEUROBIOLOGY OF FACIAL EXPRESSION IN AUTISMU54MH066397 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER · PI KLORMAN, RAFAEL KLORMAN · 2003 to 2007
$7.1M
NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR024160NIMH NIH HHS U54 MH066397
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To obtain information on the safety and efficacy of the gluten-free/casein-free (GFCF) diet, we placed 14 children with autism, age 3-5 years, on the diet for 4-6 weeks and then conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge study for 12 weeks while continuing the diet, with a 12-week follow-up. Dietary challenges were delivered via weekly snacks that contained gluten, casein, gluten and casein, or placebo. With nutritional counseling, the diet was safe and well-tolerated. However, dietary challenges did not have statistically significant effects on measures of physiologic functioning, behavior problems, or autism symptoms. Although these findings must be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size, the study does not provide evidence to support general use of the GFCF diet.

Indexed as

CaseinsDiet, Gluten-FreeAutistic DisorderChild, PreschoolDouble-Blind MethodFemaleGlutensHumansMaleCaseinsGlutensAutismCasein-freeDiet therapyGluten-freeTreatment outcomes

Identifiers

PMID26343026

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.