Trial reportThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2015
Immunogenicity of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine and implications for duration of vaccine efficacy: secondary analysis of data from a phase 3 randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03143218 (A Phase IIIB Comparative Trial of Seasonal Vaccination With the Malaria Vaccine RTS,S/AS01, Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention and of the Two Interventions Combined), which is not on this map. Cited by 242 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase IIIB Comparative Trial of Seasonal Vaccination With the Malaria Vaccine RTS,S/AS01, Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention and of the Two Interventions Combined
Who cites it
242 citing papers in PubMed, 350 citations in OpenAlex.
- Duration and association with protection of NANP-repeat-specific and C-terminus-specific anti-circumsporozoite protein IgG responses following RTS,S/AS01The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Antibody fine specificity correlates with protection from malaria for the RTS,S vaccine in young African children: A post hoc analysis of a phase IIb randomised controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2026Trial
- The effect of Plasmodium falciparum exposure and maternal anti-circumsporozoite protein antibodies on responses to RTS,S/AS01The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Identification of RTS,S/AS01 vaccine-induced humoral biomarkers predictive of protection against controlled human malaria infection.JCI insight · 2024Trial
- RTS,S/AS02A Malaria Vaccine-Induced IgG Responses Equally Recognize Native-Like Fucosylated and Nonfucosylated Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Proteins.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- The Anti-Circumsporozoite Antibody Response of Children to Seasonal Vaccination With the RTS,S/AS01E Malaria Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Induction, decay, and determinants of functional antibodies following vaccination with the RTS,S malaria vaccine in young children.BMC medicine · 2022Trial
- Multifunctional Antibodies Are Induced by the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine and Associated With Protection in a Phase 1/2a Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine against malaria in infants in western Kenya: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- A Phase IIa Controlled Human Malaria Infection and Immunogenicity Study of RTS,S/AS01E and RTS,S/AS01B Delayed Fractional Dose Regimens in Malaria-Naive Adults.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Concentration and avidity of antibodies to different circumsporozoite epitopes correlate with RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine efficacy.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Differential Patterns of IgG Subclass Responses toFrontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Baseline exposure, antibody subclass, and hepatitis B response differentially affect malaria protective immunity following RTS,S/AS01E vaccination in African children.BMC medicine · 2018Trial
- Immune response to the hepatitis B antigen in the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine, and co-administration with pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines in African children: A randomized controlled trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Trial
- Protective near-germline antibodies to malaria elicited by RTS,S/AS01bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Overcoming immunogenic gaps in malaria subunit vaccines by broadening CSP regions targeted.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Monoclonal antibody CIS43LS sets the bar for long-acting malaria protection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Malaria exposure history shapes PD-1 expression across human B-cell subsets during acute Plasmodium falciparum infection.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
182 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
38 authors at 19 institutions in 12 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine targets the circumsporozoite protein, inducing antibodies associated with the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum infection. We assessed the association between anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres and the magnitude and duration of vaccine efficacy using data from a phase 3 trial done between 2009 and 2014.
methodsUsing data from 8922 African children aged 5-17 months and 6537 African infants aged 6-12 weeks at first vaccination, we analysed the determinants of immunogenicity after RTS,S/AS01 vaccination with or without a booster dose. We assessed the association between the incidence of clinical malaria and anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres using a model of anti-circumsporozoite antibody dynamics and the natural acquisition of protective immunity over time.
findingsRTS,S/AS01-induced anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres were greater in children aged 5-17 months than in those aged 6-12 weeks. Pre-vaccination anti-circumsporozoite titres were associated with lower immunogenicity in children aged 6-12 weeks and higher immunogenicity in those aged 5-17 months. The immunogenicity of the booster dose was strongly associated with immunogenicity after primary vaccination. Anti-circumsporozoite titres wane according to a biphasic exponential distribution. In participants aged 5-17 months, the half-life of the short-lived component of the antibody response was 45 days (95% credible interval 42-48) and that of the long-lived component was 591 days (557-632). After primary vaccination 12% (11-13) of the response was estimated to be long-lived, rising to 30% (28-32%) after a booster dose. An anti-circumsporozoite antibody titre of 121 EU/mL (98-153) was estimated to prevent 50% of infections. Waning anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres predict the duration of efficacy against clinical malaria across different age categories and transmission intensities, and efficacy wanes more rapidly at higher transmission intensity.
interpretationAnti-circumsporozoite antibody titres are a surrogate of protection for the magnitude and duration of RTS,S/AS01 efficacy, with or without a booster dose, providing a valuable surrogate of effectiveness for new RTS,S formulations in the age groups considered.
fundingUK Medical Research Council.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.