ReviewThe AAPS journal2016
Approaches to the Development of Human Health Toxicity Values for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in the Environment.
Review in The AAPS journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Overview of Computational Toxicology Methods Applied in Drug and Green Chemical Discovery.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Review
- Bioaccumulation of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants in Fish from Thermaikos Gulf: Preliminary Human Health Risk Assessment Assisted by a Computational Approach.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Article
- Computational study of nitro-benzylidene phenazine as dengue virus-2 NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2022Article
- 2-Phenoxyacetamide derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor: In silico studies.Results in chemistry · 2022Article
- Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Disposal practice and factors associated with unused medicines in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Effectiveness of an intervention to increase the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the return and disposal of unused medications.Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia · 2021Article
- A study on catalytic and non-catalytic sites of H5N1 and H1N1 neuraminidase as the target for chalcone inhibitors.Applied biological chemistry · 2021Article
- Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin-enrichedFood science & nutrition · 2020Article
- U.S. News Media Coverage of Pharmaceutical Pollution in the Aquatic Environment: A Content Analysis of the Problems and Solutions Presented by Actors.Environmental management · 2017Article
- Potential Upstream Strategies for the Mitigation of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: a Brief Review.Current environmental health reports · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Management of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in the environment is challenging because these substances represent a large and diverse group of compounds. Advanced wastewater treatment technologies that can remove API tend to be costly. Because of the potential resources required to address API in the environment, there is a need to establish environmental benchmarks that can serve as targets for treatment and release. To date, there are several different approaches that have been taken to derive human health toxicity values for API. These methods include traditional risk assessment approaches that calculate "safe" doses using experimental data and uncertainty (safety) factors; point of departure (POD), which starts from a therapeutic human dose and applies uncertainty factors; and threshold of toxicological concern (TTC), a generic approach that establishes threshold values across broad classes of chemicals based on chemical structure. To evaluate the use of these approaches, each of these methods was applied to three API commonly encountered in the environment: acetaminophen, caffeine, and chlorpromazine. The results indicate that the various methods of estimating toxicity values produce highly varying doses. Associated doses are well below typical intakes, or toxicity thresholds cannot be derived due to a lack of information. No uniform approach can be applied to establishing thresholds for multiple substances. Rather, an individualized approach will need to be applied to each target API.
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Registered trials
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