ArticlePloS one2015
Active Immunization with Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Staphylococcus aureus Effectively Protects against Staphylococcal Lung Infections, Mainly via Th1 Cell-Mediated Immunity.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles - brain invaders? A systematic review.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Extracellular Vesicles ofJournal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Versatile Platforms for Systemic and Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Outer membrane vesicles fromMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Super-resolution mapping reveals NAD⁺-delivering probiotic extracellular vesicles as nanotherapeutics for organelle protection and inflammation control.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, biomarker potential, and therapeutic engineering.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- The toxic effects of α-hemolysin and β-hemolysin produced byFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Role of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Tumor Development: Facts, Potential Applications and Future Perspectives.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Insights into the mechanism of intestinal flora imbalance and immune disorder in co-morbidity of pneumonia and diarrhea in children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Bacterial EVs contain small RNAs and transfer RNAs that regulate inflammation in lung infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Taming Superbugs: Current Progress and Challenges in Combating ESKAPE Pathogens.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Interplay Between Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and Phages: Receptors, Mechanisms, and Implications.Viruses · 2025Review
- The Central Importance of Vaccines to Mitigate the Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Mastitis-related Staphylococcus aureus-derived extracellular vesicles induce a pro-inflammatory response in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles: an evolving story.Trends in microbiology · 2024Review
- The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Immune Response to Pathogens, and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Transcending membrane barriers: advances in membrane engineering to enhance the production capacity of microbial cell factories.Microbial cell factories · 2024Review
- Interactions of Gram-Positive Bacterial Membrane Vesicles and Hosts: Updates and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Prokaryotic microvesicles Ortholog of eukaryotic extracellular vesicles in biomedical fields.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- Immunomodulatory properties ofFrontiers in parasitology · 2024Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogenic bacterium that causes various infectious diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from S. aureus contain bacterial proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These EVs can induce immune responses leading to similar symptoms as during staphylococcal infection condition and have the potential as vaccination agent. Here, we show that active immunization (vaccination) with S. aureus-derived EVs induce adaptive immunity of antibody and T cell responses. In addition, these EVs have the vaccine adjuvant ability to induce protective immunity such as the up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the expression of T cell polarizing cytokines in antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, vaccination with S. aureus EVs conferred protection against lethality induced by airway challenge with lethal dose of S. aureus and also pneumonia induced by the administration of sub-lethal dose of S. aureus. These protective effects were also found in mice that were adoptively transferred with splenic T cells isolated from S. aureus EV-immunized mice, but not in serum transferred mice. Furthermore, this protective effect of S. aureus EVs was significantly reduced by the absence of interferon-gamma, but not by the absence of interleukin-17. Together, the study herein suggests that S. aureus EVs are a novel vaccine candidate against S. aureus infections, mainly via Th1 cellular response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.